Assignment Prompt & Instructions
Tiff table due 3/31
– 2 years ago
**files (3)**
– ## SynthesisMatrixTableUpdate2025SpringBTerm_11359641.PDF
– ## JHEBPModelforNursingHierarchyEvidenceGuide_11436855.PDF
– ## Presentation927641204.pptx
**## SynthesisMatrixTableUpdate2025SpringBTerm_11359641.PDF**
INSERT YOUR NAME HERE
In-text citation for
the resource – in the
References list below
this table include a
full citation that
includes a functional
link for faculty to
access the article;
without a link you
must upload the full-
text article to the
assignment drop box
What is the
purpose of the
resource?
Is the resource a research
study? If yes, what is the
study design? If not a
research study, what type
of literature is represented
in the resource?
Using the John
Hopkins EBP
Rating Scale,
what level of
evidence is
represented in
the resource?
What are the
recommendations or
findings in this
resource that are
relevant to your
proposed graduate
scholarship project?
How does this resource
support your proposed
project?
Articles/resources #1-5 in the table need to demonstrate the observation of the problem you identified for which you are designing a project to address.
1
2
3
4
5
Articles/resources #6 -10 in the table need to demonstrate support for the intervention you have selected to address the identified problem.
6
7
8
INSERT YOUR NAME HERE
9
10
Articles/resources #11-15 in the table need to provide support for the evaluation method/approach you have identified to determine the outcome
of implementing the selected intervention.
11
12
13
14
15
References
**## JHEBPModelforNursingHierarchyEvidenceGuide_11436855.PDF**
Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model for Nursing and Healthcare Professionals
Hierarchy of Evidence Guide
Appendix D
© 2022 Johns Hopkins Health System/Johns Hopkins School of Nursing P a g e | 1
Note: Refer to the appropriate Evidence Appraisal Tool (Research [Appendix E] or Nonresearch [Appendix F]) to determine quality ratings.
Evidence Level Types of Evidence
R
es
ea
rc
h
E
vi
de
nc
e
(A
pp
en
di
x
E
)
Level I
• Experimental study, randomized controlled trial (RCT)
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level I quaNtitative study
• Systematic review of RCTs, with or without meta-analysis
Level II
• Quasi-experimental study
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level II quaNtitative study
• Systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental
studies only, with or without meta-analysis
Level III
• Nonexperimental study
• Systematic review of a combination of RCTs, quasi-experimental and nonexperimental studies, or
nonexperimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.
• Exploratory, convergent, or multiphasic mixed methods studies
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level III quaNtitative study
• QuaLitative study
• Systematic review of quaLitative studies with or without meta-synthesis
N
on
re
se
ar
ch
E
vi
de
nc
e
(A
pp
en
di
x
F)
Level IV
Opinion of respected authorities and/or nationally recognized expert committees or consensus panels based
on scientific evidence. Includes:
• Clinical practice guidelines
• Consensus panels/position statements
Level V
Based on experiential and non-research evidence. Includes:
• Scoping reviews
• Integrative reviews
• Literature reviews
• Quality improvement, program or financial evaluation
• Case reports
• Opinion of nationally recognized expert(s) based on experiential evidence
**## Presentation927641204.pptx**
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT)
Student’s name
Institution affiliation
Course
Instructor’s name
Date
Introduction
Nursing theories guide practice and research
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) focuses on self-care and nursing interventions
Used widely in clinical settings to assess patient needs
Highlights patient dependency levels
Provides a structured framework for nursing care
The introduction introduces a concise summary about how nursing theories affect nursing research together with practice. According to various sources the Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) stands among the theories that emphasize nursing intervention combined with self-care practices (Yip, 2021). The healthcare team primarily applies this method in clinical environments to measure patient requirements along with identifying their dependence needs. This theory demonstrates how registered nurses promote patient care for partially self-attending patients to produce better results. The scientific framework in this model delivers a method for practicing nursing care thus making it essential for healthcare practice. Nurses implement personalized care plans when combining this theory to support patient independence goals during healing alongside optimal healthcare delivery
2
Overview of the Theory
Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) in the 1950s
She was a nursing theorist, educator, and researcher
Her work focused on defining nursing as an independent field of practice
Orem refined and expanded her theory over several decades
The theory has been widely applied in nursing education and practice
During the 1950s Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory as one of the leading nursing theorists. Through her work she sought to demonstrate nursing as an independent required practice field. As the theorist stated nursing exists to help those who fail to perform their personal self-care tasks independently. Through continuous development and enhancement of her theory Orem made it relevant for diverse healthcare institutions throughout multiple years (Isik & Fredland, 2023). Her theory now functions as a basis for nursing practice and education which enables appropriate nursing intervention selection according to patient dependency degrees. Her valuable contributions to nursing practice have remained active in healthcare delivery systems
3
Basic Concepts and Assumptions of the Theory
Self-care: The ability of individuals to meet their own health needs
Self-care deficit: When individuals cannot meet their own health needs
Nursing system: The structure for nursing interventions to assist patients
Assumes individuals should be responsible for their self-care when possible
Nurses intervene when self-care deficits occur
The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is derived from three primary concepts, namely self-care, self-care deficit, and the nursing system. Self-care refers to the ability of a person to maintain their own health and well-being. But whenever a self-care deficit is present, the person is not able to provide their own health needs due to illness, injury, or other factors. This is where nursing intervention becomes necessary (Yip, 2021). The nursing system provides a structured method of care in a way that the patient receives the degree of care based on their dependency. The theory holds the view that individuals should be accountable for their own care to the extent possible. But whenever they do experience a self-care deficit, nurses do have a significant role in terms of support, teaching, and intervention to enable them to recuperate and become independent again.
4
Levels of Nursing Assistance in the Theory
Wholly compensatory system: Full nursing care for dependent patients
Partially compensatory system: Shared responsibility between nurse and patient
Supportive-educative system: Patient receives guidance and education
Helps determine the level of intervention required
Encourages patient participation in their own care
The three levels within Orem’s theory classify nursing interventions based on patient dependency extent. Patients under the wholly compensatory system receive nursing care for their complete dependency such as those found in critical care and severe disability situations. Within the partially compensatory framework nursing personnel deliver support alongside guidance to assist patients in performing their self-care practices. When patients need guidance along with education to enhance health outcomes nurses implement the supportive-educative system. The health status levels help nurse’s select appropriate intervention approaches which match individual patient requirements. The model stimulates patient interaction which leads to recovery success while maximizing nursing staff use. The framework functions as a dependable resource to provide person-centered care throughout different health service locations.
5
Overall Focus of the Theory
Addresses self-care deficits in patients
Applicable to acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings
Used in hospitals, long-term care, home health, and community settings
Supports patient-centered care
Helps identify levels of nursing intervention required
Orem's theory focuses primarily on the fulfillment of self-care deficits in the patient. The theory can be used in all settings of healthcare, including acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings. The theory is utilized in hospitals, long-term care facilities, home care, and community nursing. It is congruent with patient-centered care principles that emphasize the assessment of a patient's ability for self-care and the development of interventions according to that assessment (Yip, 2021). By defining levels of nursing intervention required, it ensures that the patients are given adequate support while encouraging independence. The theory finds its greatest practical use in managing patients with chronic diseases and elderly adults along with surgical procedure patients since it outlines the best methods to promote self-care while increasing their life quality
5
Example of Knowledge the Theory Adds to Nursing
Provides a structured assessment tool for self-care deficits
Enhances nurse-patient relationships through individualized care
Encourages autonomy and patient involvement
Improves continuity of care and interdisciplinary collaboration
Supports evidence-based interventions
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
With Orem's theory nurses receive concrete guidelines to evaluate care deficits and create appropriate interventions. Nurses use this method to establish superior patient-provider bonds because it personalizes care according to each patient's exclusive needs. Nurses who use this theory create conditions to develop patient independence and healthcare participation leading to better health results (Wayne, 2024). This theoretical framework creates favorable conditions for patient care continuity because it allows various healthcare professionals to work together to resolve patient needs. Establishing methodical evidence-based nursing interventions allows healthcare staff to validate their care plans' effectiveness and individualized nature. SDNT offers substantial value to nursing knowledge through its established method for delivering patient treatment
6
Example of How the Theory Supports Practice
Guides nurses in assessing patient self-care needs
Helps determine appropriate interventions (full care, partial assistance, or education)
Supports the creation of personalized care plans
Useful in geriatric and chronic disease management
Enhances patient safety and recovery outcomes
Nurses can evaluate patient self-care requirements through application of the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Nurses use this framework to establish what degree of help the patient requires between complete assistance and supplemental knowledge about self-care practices. The theory enables nurses to construct customized patient care plans which cater to individual patient circumstances and personal requirements (Isik & Fredland, 2023). The theory provides valuable assistance to healthcare providers when dealing with older adult and persistent illness patients with different service needs. Nurses can improve patient safety along with promoting recovery and overall quality of care through the use of this theory. Through systematic assessment this theory helps nurses achieve higher intervention efficiency along with better patient results.
7
Example of How the Theory Could Innovate Nursing
Can be integrated into electronic health records (EHRs) for better assessment tools
Supports development of nursing protocols for self-care education
Enhances telehealth strategies for remote patient support
Provides framework for new training programs for nursing students
Helps improve discharge planning and transitional care models
Electronic Health Records systems implement Orem's theory for enhancing the operation of self-care evaluation and record documentation. Such a system would enable better patient need tracking along with nursing intervention documentation. The theory enables development of new nursing protocols for self-care education which healthcare organizations can use in their settings. Remote patient support along with monitoring services can benefit from the use of this theory to achieve higher telehealth quality. Future nurses will acquire better understanding of self-care principles and their practical implementation because of the theory implementation in nursing education curricula (Walker & Avant, 2019). Patients benefit from sustained care through the application of the theory within discharge planning protocols that continue their support beyond healthcare facilities.
8
Major Strengths and Limitations
Strengths:
Clear and structured model for nursing care
Applicable to various healthcare settings
Promotes patient independence and holistic care
Supports evidence-based nursing interventions
Limitations:
Not always applicable in emergency/critical care situations
Requires patient cooperation and cognitive ability
Limited focus on emotional and social aspects of care
Can be time-consuming to implement fully
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
Orem's theory stands out for its structured format of nursing care delivery. This theory functions widely across various healthcare locations while helping patients adopt independent care practices. Through its organized framework the theory enables nurses to use evidence-based care approaches along with comprehensive health care which accounts for physical, psychological and social health elements. The theory carries several limitations among its framework. Medical assistance should be provided immediately in critical or emergency situations where this concept may not apply. Patients' collaboration and mental state are central aspects of this theory but may be missing in some patient populations. The theory lacks in placing significant emphasis on emotional and social practice care even though these aspects carry inherent meaning to the provision of holistic nursing care.
9
Conclusion
Orem’s SCDNT is a foundational nursing theory
Helps nurses assess and address patient self-care deficits
Promotes patient independence and recovery
Supports structured and individualized nursing care
Continues to be relevant in modern healthcare settings
The Orem Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory represents a fundamental nursing theory with a scientific program for generating patient care. Therapeutic plans for patient independence begin after nurses perform assessments which evaluate patient needs through self-care deficit evaluation. This theory provides individualized medical treatments which build superior nursing practices within various care environments. Nursing practice based on evidence makes use of this theory through its development of assessment instruments and therapeutic protocols. The theory maintains its usefulness within present-day healthcare delivery even though it faces challenges due to ongoing effects on educational research about nursing and clinical tasks and research projects. The present healthcare system supports self-care practice which recognizes patient-led strategies and comprehensive health services.
10
References
Isik, E., & Fredland, N. M. (2023). Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory to improve children's self-care: An integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(1), 6-17.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062)
Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2019). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (Vol. 4). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall..
Wayne, G. (2024). Nursing theories and theorists: An ultimate guide for nurses. Nurseslabs.
[https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/)
Yip, J. Y. C. (2021). Theory-based advanced nursing practice: A practice update on the application of Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211011993.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993)
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## image3.jpeg
## image4.jpeg
## image5.jpeg
## image6.jpeg
## image7.jpeg
## image8.jpeg
## image9.jpeg
## image10.jpeg
## image11.jpeg
**## Presentation927641204.pptx**
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT)
Student’s name
Institution affiliation
Course
Instructor’s name
Date
Introduction
Nursing theories guide practice and research
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) focuses on self-care and nursing interventions
Used widely in clinical settings to assess patient needs
Highlights patient dependency levels
Provides a structured framework for nursing care
The introduction introduces a concise summary about how nursing theories affect nursing research together with practice. According to various sources the Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) stands among the theories that emphasize nursing intervention combined with self-care practices (Yip, 2021). The healthcare team primarily applies this method in clinical environments to measure patient requirements along with identifying their dependence needs. This theory demonstrates how registered nurses promote patient care for partially self-attending patients to produce better results. The scientific framework in this model delivers a method for practicing nursing care thus making it essential for healthcare practice. Nurses implement personalized care plans when combining this theory to support patient independence goals during healing alongside optimal healthcare delivery
2
Overview of the Theory
Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) in the 1950s
She was a nursing theorist, educator, and researcher
Her work focused on defining nursing as an independent field of practice
Orem refined and expanded her theory over several decades
The theory has been widely applied in nursing education and practice
During the 1950s Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory as one of the leading nursing theorists. Through her work she sought to demonstrate nursing as an independent required practice field. As the theorist stated nursing exists to help those who fail to perform their personal self-care tasks independently. Through continuous development and enhancement of her theory Orem made it relevant for diverse healthcare institutions throughout multiple years (Isik & Fredland, 2023). Her theory now functions as a basis for nursing practice and education which enables appropriate nursing intervention selection according to patient dependency degrees. Her valuable contributions to nursing practice have remained active in healthcare delivery systems
3
Basic Concepts and Assumptions of the Theory
Self-care: The ability of individuals to meet their own health needs
Self-care deficit: When individuals cannot meet their own health needs
Nursing system: The structure for nursing interventions to assist patients
Assumes individuals should be responsible for their self-care when possible
Nurses intervene when self-care deficits occur
The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is derived from three primary concepts, namely self-care, self-care deficit, and the nursing system. Self-care refers to the ability of a person to maintain their own health and well-being. But whenever a self-care deficit is present, the person is not able to provide their own health needs due to illness, injury, or other factors. This is where nursing intervention becomes necessary (Yip, 2021). The nursing system provides a structured method of care in a way that the patient receives the degree of care based on their dependency. The theory holds the view that individuals should be accountable for their own care to the extent possible. But whenever they do experience a self-care deficit, nurses do have a significant role in terms of support, teaching, and intervention to enable them to recuperate and become independent again.
4
Levels of Nursing Assistance in the Theory
Wholly compensatory system: Full nursing care for dependent patients
Partially compensatory system: Shared responsibility between nurse and patient
Supportive-educative system: Patient receives guidance and education
Helps determine the level of intervention required
Encourages patient participation in their own care
The three levels within Orem’s theory classify nursing interventions based on patient dependency extent. Patients under the wholly compensatory system receive nursing care for their complete dependency such as those found in critical care and severe disability situations. Within the partially compensatory framework nursing personnel deliver support alongside guidance to assist patients in performing their self-care practices. When patients need guidance along with education to enhance health outcomes nurses implement the supportive-educative system. The health status levels help nurse’s select appropriate intervention approaches which match individual patient requirements. The model stimulates patient interaction which leads to recovery success while maximizing nursing staff use. The framework functions as a dependable resource to provide person-centered care throughout different health service locations.
5
Overall Focus of the Theory
Addresses self-care deficits in patients
Applicable to acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings
Used in hospitals, long-term care, home health, and community settings
Supports patient-centered care
Helps identify levels of nursing intervention required
Orem's theory focuses primarily on the fulfillment of self-care deficits in the patient. The theory can be used in all settings of healthcare, including acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings. The theory is utilized in hospitals, long-term care facilities, home care, and community nursing. It is congruent with patient-centered care principles that emphasize the assessment of a patient's ability for self-care and the development of interventions according to that assessment (Yip, 2021). By defining levels of nursing intervention required, it ensures that the patients are given adequate support while encouraging independence. The theory finds its greatest practical use in managing patients with chronic diseases and elderly adults along with surgical procedure patients since it outlines the best methods to promote self-care while increasing their life quality
5
Example of Knowledge the Theory Adds to Nursing
Provides a structured assessment tool for self-care deficits
Enhances nurse-patient relationships through individualized care
Encourages autonomy and patient involvement
Improves continuity of care and interdisciplinary collaboration
Supports evidence-based interventions
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
With Orem's theory nurses receive concrete guidelines to evaluate care deficits and create appropriate interventions. Nurses use this method to establish superior patient-provider bonds because it personalizes care according to each patient's exclusive needs. Nurses who use this theory create conditions to develop patient independence and healthcare participation leading to better health results (Wayne, 2024). This theoretical framework creates favorable conditions for patient care continuity because it allows various healthcare professionals to work together to resolve patient needs. Establishing methodical evidence-based nursing interventions allows healthcare staff to validate their care plans' effectiveness and individualized nature. SDNT offers substantial value to nursing knowledge through its established method for delivering patient treatment
6
Example of How the Theory Supports Practice
Guides nurses in assessing patient self-care needs
Helps determine appropriate interventions (full care, partial assistance, or education)
Supports the creation of personalized care plans
Useful in geriatric and chronic disease management
Enhances patient safety and recovery outcomes
Nurses can evaluate patient self-care requirements through application of the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Nurses use this framework to establish what degree of help the patient requires between complete assistance and supplemental knowledge about self-care practices. The theory enables nurses to construct customized patient care plans which cater to individual patient circumstances and personal requirements (Isik & Fredland, 2023). The theory provides valuable assistance to healthcare providers when dealing with older adult and persistent illness patients with different service needs. Nurses can improve patient safety along with promoting recovery and overall quality of care through the use of this theory. Through systematic assessment this theory helps nurses achieve higher intervention efficiency along with better patient results.
7
Example of How the Theory Could Innovate Nursing
Can be integrated into electronic health records (EHRs) for better assessment tools
Supports development of nursing protocols for self-care education
Enhances telehealth strategies for remote patient support
Provides framework for new training programs for nursing students
Helps improve discharge planning and transitional care models
Electronic Health Records systems implement Orem's theory for enhancing the operation of self-care evaluation and record documentation. Such a system would enable better patient need tracking along with nursing intervention documentation. The theory enables development of new nursing protocols for self-care education which healthcare organizations can use in their settings. Remote patient support along with monitoring services can benefit from the use of this theory to achieve higher telehealth quality. Future nurses will acquire better understanding of self-care principles and their practical implementation because of the theory implementation in nursing education curricula (Walker & Avant, 2019). Patients benefit from sustained care through the application of the theory within discharge planning protocols that continue their support beyond healthcare facilities.
8
Major Strengths and Limitations
Strengths:
Clear and structured model for nursing care
Applicable to various healthcare settings
Promotes patient independence and holistic care
Supports evidence-based nursing interventions
Limitations:
Not always applicable in emergency/critical care situations
Requires patient cooperation and cognitive ability
Limited focus on emotional and social aspects of care
Can be time-consuming to implement fully
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
Orem's theory stands out for its structured format of nursing care delivery. This theory functions widely across various healthcare locations while helping patients adopt independent care practices. Through its organized framework the theory enables nurses to use evidence-based care approaches along with comprehensive health care which accounts for physical, psychological and social health elements. The theory carries several limitations among its framework. Medical assistance should be provided immediately in critical or emergency situations where this concept may not apply. Patients' collaboration and mental state are central aspects of this theory but may be missing in some patient populations. The theory lacks in placing significant emphasis on emotional and social practice care even though these aspects carry inherent meaning to the provision of holistic nursing care.
9
Conclusion
Orem’s SCDNT is a foundational nursing theory
Helps nurses assess and address patient self-care deficits
Promotes patient independence and recovery
Supports structured and individualized nursing care
Continues to be relevant in modern healthcare settings
The Orem Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory represents a fundamental nursing theory with a scientific program for generating patient care. Therapeutic plans for patient independence begin after nurses perform assessments which evaluate patient needs through self-care deficit evaluation. This theory provides individualized medical treatments which build superior nursing practices within various care environments. Nursing practice based on evidence makes use of this theory through its development of assessment instruments and therapeutic protocols. The theory maintains its usefulness within present-day healthcare delivery even though it faces challenges due to ongoing effects on educational research about nursing and clinical tasks and research projects. The present healthcare system supports self-care practice which recognizes patient-led strategies and comprehensive health services.
10
References
Isik, E., & Fredland, N. M. (2023). Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory to improve children's self-care: An integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(1), 6-17.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062)
Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2019). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (Vol. 4). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall..
Wayne, G. (2024). Nursing theories and theorists: An ultimate guide for nurses. Nurseslabs.
[https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/)
Yip, J. Y. C. (2021). Theory-based advanced nursing practice: A practice update on the application of Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211011993.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993)
## image1.jpeg
## image2.png
## image3.jpeg
## image4.jpeg
## image5.jpeg
## image6.jpeg
## image7.jpeg
## image8.jpeg
## image9.jpeg
## image10.jpeg
## image11.jpeg
**## SynthesisMatrixTableUpdate2025SpringBTerm_11359641.PDF**
INSERT YOUR NAME HERE
In-text citation for
the resource – in the
References list below
this table include a
full citation that
includes a functional
link for faculty to
access the article;
without a link you
must upload the full-
text article to the
assignment drop box
What is the
purpose of the
resource?
Is the resource a research
study? If yes, what is the
study design? If not a
research study, what type
of literature is represented
in the resource?
Using the John
Hopkins EBP
Rating Scale,
what level of
evidence is
represented in
the resource?
What are the
recommendations or
findings in this
resource that are
relevant to your
proposed graduate
scholarship project?
How does this resource
support your proposed
project?
Articles/resources #1-5 in the table need to demonstrate the observation of the problem you identified for which you are designing a project to address.
1
2
3
4
5
Articles/resources #6 -10 in the table need to demonstrate support for the intervention you have selected to address the identified problem.
6
7
8
INSERT YOUR NAME HERE
9
10
Articles/resources #11-15 in the table need to provide support for the evaluation method/approach you have identified to determine the outcome
of implementing the selected intervention.
11
12
13
14
15
References
**## JHEBPModelforNursingHierarchyEvidenceGuide_11436855.PDF**
Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model for Nursing and Healthcare Professionals
Hierarchy of Evidence Guide
Appendix D
© 2022 Johns Hopkins Health System/Johns Hopkins School of Nursing P a g e | 1
Note: Refer to the appropriate Evidence Appraisal Tool (Research [Appendix E] or Nonresearch [Appendix F]) to determine quality ratings.
Evidence Level Types of Evidence
R
es
ea
rc
h
E
vi
de
nc
e
(A
pp
en
di
x
E
)
Level I
• Experimental study, randomized controlled trial (RCT)
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level I quaNtitative study
• Systematic review of RCTs, with or without meta-analysis
Level II
• Quasi-experimental study
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level II quaNtitative study
• Systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental
studies only, with or without meta-analysis
Level III
• Nonexperimental study
• Systematic review of a combination of RCTs, quasi-experimental and nonexperimental studies, or
nonexperimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.
• Exploratory, convergent, or multiphasic mixed methods studies
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level III quaNtitative study
• QuaLitative study
• Systematic review of quaLitative studies with or without meta-synthesis
N
on
re
se
ar
ch
E
vi
de
nc
e
(A
pp
en
di
x
F)
Level IV
Opinion of respected authorities and/or nationally recognized expert committees or consensus panels based
on scientific evidence. Includes:
• Clinical practice guidelines
• Consensus panels/position statements
Level V
Based on experiential and non-research evidence. Includes:
• Scoping reviews
• Integrative reviews
• Literature reviews
• Quality improvement, program or financial evaluation
• Case reports
• Opinion of nationally recognized expert(s) based on experiential evidence
**## Presentation927641204.pptx**
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT)
Student’s name
Institution affiliation
Course
Instructor’s name
Date
Introduction
Nursing theories guide practice and research
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) focuses on self-care and nursing interventions
Used widely in clinical settings to assess patient needs
Highlights patient dependency levels
Provides a structured framework for nursing care
The introduction introduces a concise summary about how nursing theories affect nursing research together with practice. According to various sources the Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) stands among the theories that emphasize nursing intervention combined with self-care practices (Yip, 2021). The healthcare team primarily applies this method in clinical environments to measure patient requirements along with identifying their dependence needs. This theory demonstrates how registered nurses promote patient care for partially self-attending patients to produce better results. The scientific framework in this model delivers a method for practicing nursing care thus making it essential for healthcare practice. Nurses implement personalized care plans when combining this theory to support patient independence goals during healing alongside optimal healthcare delivery
2
Overview of the Theory
Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) in the 1950s
She was a nursing theorist, educator, and researcher
Her work focused on defining nursing as an independent field of practice
Orem refined and expanded her theory over several decades
The theory has been widely applied in nursing education and practice
During the 1950s Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory as one of the leading nursing theorists. Through her work she sought to demonstrate nursing as an independent required practice field. As the theorist stated nursing exists to help those who fail to perform their personal self-care tasks independently. Through continuous development and enhancement of her theory Orem made it relevant for diverse healthcare institutions throughout multiple years (Isik & Fredland, 2023). Her theory now functions as a basis for nursing practice and education which enables appropriate nursing intervention selection according to patient dependency degrees. Her valuable contributions to nursing practice have remained active in healthcare delivery systems
3
Basic Concepts and Assumptions of the Theory
Self-care: The ability of individuals to meet their own health needs
Self-care deficit: When individuals cannot meet their own health needs
Nursing system: The structure for nursing interventions to assist patients
Assumes individuals should be responsible for their self-care when possible
Nurses intervene when self-care deficits occur
The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is derived from three primary concepts, namely self-care, self-care deficit, and the nursing system. Self-care refers to the ability of a person to maintain their own health and well-being. But whenever a self-care deficit is present, the person is not able to provide their own health needs due to illness, injury, or other factors. This is where nursing intervention becomes necessary (Yip, 2021). The nursing system provides a structured method of care in a way that the patient receives the degree of care based on their dependency. The theory holds the view that individuals should be accountable for their own care to the extent possible. But whenever they do experience a self-care deficit, nurses do have a significant role in terms of support, teaching, and intervention to enable them to recuperate and become independent again.
4
Levels of Nursing Assistance in the Theory
Wholly compensatory system: Full nursing care for dependent patients
Partially compensatory system: Shared responsibility between nurse and patient
Supportive-educative system: Patient receives guidance and education
Helps determine the level of intervention required
Encourages patient participation in their own care
The three levels within Orem’s theory classify nursing interventions based on patient dependency extent. Patients under the wholly compensatory system receive nursing care for their complete dependency such as those found in critical care and severe disability situations. Within the partially compensatory framework nursing personnel deliver support alongside guidance to assist patients in performing their self-care practices. When patients need guidance along with education to enhance health outcomes nurses implement the supportive-educative system. The health status levels help nurse’s select appropriate intervention approaches which match individual patient requirements. The model stimulates patient interaction which leads to recovery success while maximizing nursing staff use. The framework functions as a dependable resource to provide person-centered care throughout different health service locations.
5
Overall Focus of the Theory
Addresses self-care deficits in patients
Applicable to acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings
Used in hospitals, long-term care, home health, and community settings
Supports patient-centered care
Helps identify levels of nursing intervention required
Orem's theory focuses primarily on the fulfillment of self-care deficits in the patient. The theory can be used in all settings of healthcare, including acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings. The theory is utilized in hospitals, long-term care facilities, home care, and community nursing. It is congruent with patient-centered care principles that emphasize the assessment of a patient's ability for self-care and the development of interventions according to that assessment (Yip, 2021). By defining levels of nursing intervention required, it ensures that the patients are given adequate support while encouraging independence. The theory finds its greatest practical use in managing patients with chronic diseases and elderly adults along with surgical procedure patients since it outlines the best methods to promote self-care while increasing their life quality
5
Example of Knowledge the Theory Adds to Nursing
Provides a structured assessment tool for self-care deficits
Enhances nurse-patient relationships through individualized care
Encourages autonomy and patient involvement
Improves continuity of care and interdisciplinary collaboration
Supports evidence-based interventions
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
With Orem's theory nurses receive concrete guidelines to evaluate care deficits and create appropriate interventions. Nurses use this method to establish superior patient-provider bonds because it personalizes care according to each patient's exclusive needs. Nurses who use this theory create conditions to develop patient independence and healthcare participation leading to better health results (Wayne, 2024). This theoretical framework creates favorable conditions for patient care continuity because it allows various healthcare professionals to work together to resolve patient needs. Establishing methodical evidence-based nursing interventions allows healthcare staff to validate their care plans' effectiveness and individualized nature. SDNT offers substantial value to nursing knowledge through its established method for delivering patient treatment
6
Example of How the Theory Supports Practice
Guides nurses in assessing patient self-care needs
Helps determine appropriate interventions (full care, partial assistance, or education)
Supports the creation of personalized care plans
Useful in geriatric and chronic disease management
Enhances patient safety and recovery outcomes
Nurses can evaluate patient self-care requirements through application of the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Nurses use this framework to establish what degree of help the patient requires between complete assistance and supplemental knowledge about self-care practices. The theory enables nurses to construct customized patient care plans which cater to individual patient circumstances and personal requirements (Isik & Fredland, 2023). The theory provides valuable assistance to healthcare providers when dealing with older adult and persistent illness patients with different service needs. Nurses can improve patient safety along with promoting recovery and overall quality of care through the use of this theory. Through systematic assessment this theory helps nurses achieve higher intervention efficiency along with better patient results.
7
Example of How the Theory Could Innovate Nursing
Can be integrated into electronic health records (EHRs) for better assessment tools
Supports development of nursing protocols for self-care education
Enhances telehealth strategies for remote patient support
Provides framework for new training programs for nursing students
Helps improve discharge planning and transitional care models
Electronic Health Records systems implement Orem's theory for enhancing the operation of self-care evaluation and record documentation. Such a system would enable better patient need tracking along with nursing intervention documentation. The theory enables development of new nursing protocols for self-care education which healthcare organizations can use in their settings. Remote patient support along with monitoring services can benefit from the use of this theory to achieve higher telehealth quality. Future nurses will acquire better understanding of self-care principles and their practical implementation because of the theory implementation in nursing education curricula (Walker & Avant, 2019). Patients benefit from sustained care through the application of the theory within discharge planning protocols that continue their support beyond healthcare facilities.
8
Major Strengths and Limitations
Strengths:
Clear and structured model for nursing care
Applicable to various healthcare settings
Promotes patient independence and holistic care
Supports evidence-based nursing interventions
Limitations:
Not always applicable in emergency/critical care situations
Requires patient cooperation and cognitive ability
Limited focus on emotional and social aspects of care
Can be time-consuming to implement fully
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
Orem's theory stands out for its structured format of nursing care delivery. This theory functions widely across various healthcare locations while helping patients adopt independent care practices. Through its organized framework the theory enables nurses to use evidence-based care approaches along with comprehensive health care which accounts for physical, psychological and social health elements. The theory carries several limitations among its framework. Medical assistance should be provided immediately in critical or emergency situations where this concept may not apply. Patients' collaboration and mental state are central aspects of this theory but may be missing in some patient populations. The theory lacks in placing significant emphasis on emotional and social practice care even though these aspects carry inherent meaning to the provision of holistic nursing care.
9
Conclusion
Orem’s SCDNT is a foundational nursing theory
Helps nurses assess and address patient self-care deficits
Promotes patient independence and recovery
Supports structured and individualized nursing care
Continues to be relevant in modern healthcare settings
The Orem Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory represents a fundamental nursing theory with a scientific program for generating patient care. Therapeutic plans for patient independence begin after nurses perform assessments which evaluate patient needs through self-care deficit evaluation. This theory provides individualized medical treatments which build superior nursing practices within various care environments. Nursing practice based on evidence makes use of this theory through its development of assessment instruments and therapeutic protocols. The theory maintains its usefulness within present-day healthcare delivery even though it faces challenges due to ongoing effects on educational research about nursing and clinical tasks and research projects. The present healthcare system supports self-care practice which recognizes patient-led strategies and comprehensive health services.
10
References
Isik, E., & Fredland, N. M. (2023). Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory to improve children's self-care: An integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(1), 6-17.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062)
Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2019). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (Vol. 4). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall..
Wayne, G. (2024). Nursing theories and theorists: An ultimate guide for nurses. Nurseslabs.
[https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/)
Yip, J. Y. C. (2021). Theory-based advanced nursing practice: A practice update on the application of Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211011993.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993)
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**## SynthesisMatrixTableUpdate2025SpringBTerm_11359641.PDF**
INSERT YOUR NAME HERE
In-text citation for
the resource – in the
References list below
this table include a
full citation that
includes a functional
link for faculty to
access the article;
without a link you
must upload the full-
text article to the
assignment drop box
What is the
purpose of the
resource?
Is the resource a research
study? If yes, what is the
study design? If not a
research study, what type
of literature is represented
in the resource?
Using the John
Hopkins EBP
Rating Scale,
what level of
evidence is
represented in
the resource?
What are the
recommendations or
findings in this
resource that are
relevant to your
proposed graduate
scholarship project?
How does this resource
support your proposed
project?
Articles/resources #1-5 in the table need to demonstrate the observation of the problem you identified for which you are designing a project to address.
1
2
3
4
5
Articles/resources #6 -10 in the table need to demonstrate support for the intervention you have selected to address the identified problem.
6
7
8
INSERT YOUR NAME HERE
9
10
Articles/resources #11-15 in the table need to provide support for the evaluation method/approach you have identified to determine the outcome
of implementing the selected intervention.
11
12
13
14
15
References
**## JHEBPModelforNursingHierarchyEvidenceGuide_11436855.PDF**
Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model for Nursing and Healthcare Professionals
Hierarchy of Evidence Guide
Appendix D
© 2022 Johns Hopkins Health System/Johns Hopkins School of Nursing P a g e | 1
Note: Refer to the appropriate Evidence Appraisal Tool (Research [Appendix E] or Nonresearch [Appendix F]) to determine quality ratings.
Evidence Level Types of Evidence
R
es
ea
rc
h
E
vi
de
nc
e
(A
pp
en
di
x
E
)
Level I
• Experimental study, randomized controlled trial (RCT)
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level I quaNtitative study
• Systematic review of RCTs, with or without meta-analysis
Level II
• Quasi-experimental study
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level II quaNtitative study
• Systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental
studies only, with or without meta-analysis
Level III
• Nonexperimental study
• Systematic review of a combination of RCTs, quasi-experimental and nonexperimental studies, or
nonexperimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis.
• Exploratory, convergent, or multiphasic mixed methods studies
• Explanatory mixed methods design that includes only a Level III quaNtitative study
• QuaLitative study
• Systematic review of quaLitative studies with or without meta-synthesis
N
on
re
se
ar
ch
E
vi
de
nc
e
(A
pp
en
di
x
F)
Level IV
Opinion of respected authorities and/or nationally recognized expert committees or consensus panels based
on scientific evidence. Includes:
• Clinical practice guidelines
• Consensus panels/position statements
Level V
Based on experiential and non-research evidence. Includes:
• Scoping reviews
• Integrative reviews
• Literature reviews
• Quality improvement, program or financial evaluation
• Case reports
• Opinion of nationally recognized expert(s) based on experiential evidence
**## Presentation927641204.pptx**
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT)
Student’s name
Institution affiliation
Course
Instructor’s name
Date
Introduction
Nursing theories guide practice and research
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) focuses on self-care and nursing interventions
Used widely in clinical settings to assess patient needs
Highlights patient dependency levels
Provides a structured framework for nursing care
The introduction introduces a concise summary about how nursing theories affect nursing research together with practice. According to various sources the Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) stands among the theories that emphasize nursing intervention combined with self-care practices (Yip, 2021). The healthcare team primarily applies this method in clinical environments to measure patient requirements along with identifying their dependence needs. This theory demonstrates how registered nurses promote patient care for partially self-attending patients to produce better results. The scientific framework in this model delivers a method for practicing nursing care thus making it essential for healthcare practice. Nurses implement personalized care plans when combining this theory to support patient independence goals during healing alongside optimal healthcare delivery
2
Overview of the Theory
Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) in the 1950s
She was a nursing theorist, educator, and researcher
Her work focused on defining nursing as an independent field of practice
Orem refined and expanded her theory over several decades
The theory has been widely applied in nursing education and practice
During the 1950s Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory as one of the leading nursing theorists. Through her work she sought to demonstrate nursing as an independent required practice field. As the theorist stated nursing exists to help those who fail to perform their personal self-care tasks independently. Through continuous development and enhancement of her theory Orem made it relevant for diverse healthcare institutions throughout multiple years (Isik & Fredland, 2023). Her theory now functions as a basis for nursing practice and education which enables appropriate nursing intervention selection according to patient dependency degrees. Her valuable contributions to nursing practice have remained active in healthcare delivery systems
3
Basic Concepts and Assumptions of the Theory
Self-care: The ability of individuals to meet their own health needs
Self-care deficit: When individuals cannot meet their own health needs
Nursing system: The structure for nursing interventions to assist patients
Assumes individuals should be responsible for their self-care when possible
Nurses intervene when self-care deficits occur
The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is derived from three primary concepts, namely self-care, self-care deficit, and the nursing system. Self-care refers to the ability of a person to maintain their own health and well-being. But whenever a self-care deficit is present, the person is not able to provide their own health needs due to illness, injury, or other factors. This is where nursing intervention becomes necessary (Yip, 2021). The nursing system provides a structured method of care in a way that the patient receives the degree of care based on their dependency. The theory holds the view that individuals should be accountable for their own care to the extent possible. But whenever they do experience a self-care deficit, nurses do have a significant role in terms of support, teaching, and intervention to enable them to recuperate and become independent again.
4
Levels of Nursing Assistance in the Theory
Wholly compensatory system: Full nursing care for dependent patients
Partially compensatory system: Shared responsibility between nurse and patient
Supportive-educative system: Patient receives guidance and education
Helps determine the level of intervention required
Encourages patient participation in their own care
The three levels within Orem’s theory classify nursing interventions based on patient dependency extent. Patients under the wholly compensatory system receive nursing care for their complete dependency such as those found in critical care and severe disability situations. Within the partially compensatory framework nursing personnel deliver support alongside guidance to assist patients in performing their self-care practices. When patients need guidance along with education to enhance health outcomes nurses implement the supportive-educative system. The health status levels help nurse’s select appropriate intervention approaches which match individual patient requirements. The model stimulates patient interaction which leads to recovery success while maximizing nursing staff use. The framework functions as a dependable resource to provide person-centered care throughout different health service locations.
5
Overall Focus of the Theory
Addresses self-care deficits in patients
Applicable to acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings
Used in hospitals, long-term care, home health, and community settings
Supports patient-centered care
Helps identify levels of nursing intervention required
Orem's theory focuses primarily on the fulfillment of self-care deficits in the patient. The theory can be used in all settings of healthcare, including acute, chronic, and rehabilitation settings. The theory is utilized in hospitals, long-term care facilities, home care, and community nursing. It is congruent with patient-centered care principles that emphasize the assessment of a patient's ability for self-care and the development of interventions according to that assessment (Yip, 2021). By defining levels of nursing intervention required, it ensures that the patients are given adequate support while encouraging independence. The theory finds its greatest practical use in managing patients with chronic diseases and elderly adults along with surgical procedure patients since it outlines the best methods to promote self-care while increasing their life quality
5
Example of Knowledge the Theory Adds to Nursing
Provides a structured assessment tool for self-care deficits
Enhances nurse-patient relationships through individualized care
Encourages autonomy and patient involvement
Improves continuity of care and interdisciplinary collaboration
Supports evidence-based interventions
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
With Orem's theory nurses receive concrete guidelines to evaluate care deficits and create appropriate interventions. Nurses use this method to establish superior patient-provider bonds because it personalizes care according to each patient's exclusive needs. Nurses who use this theory create conditions to develop patient independence and healthcare participation leading to better health results (Wayne, 2024). This theoretical framework creates favorable conditions for patient care continuity because it allows various healthcare professionals to work together to resolve patient needs. Establishing methodical evidence-based nursing interventions allows healthcare staff to validate their care plans' effectiveness and individualized nature. SDNT offers substantial value to nursing knowledge through its established method for delivering patient treatment
6
Example of How the Theory Supports Practice
Guides nurses in assessing patient self-care needs
Helps determine appropriate interventions (full care, partial assistance, or education)
Supports the creation of personalized care plans
Useful in geriatric and chronic disease management
Enhances patient safety and recovery outcomes
Nurses can evaluate patient self-care requirements through application of the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. Nurses use this framework to establish what degree of help the patient requires between complete assistance and supplemental knowledge about self-care practices. The theory enables nurses to construct customized patient care plans which cater to individual patient circumstances and personal requirements (Isik & Fredland, 2023). The theory provides valuable assistance to healthcare providers when dealing with older adult and persistent illness patients with different service needs. Nurses can improve patient safety along with promoting recovery and overall quality of care through the use of this theory. Through systematic assessment this theory helps nurses achieve higher intervention efficiency along with better patient results.
7
Example of How the Theory Could Innovate Nursing
Can be integrated into electronic health records (EHRs) for better assessment tools
Supports development of nursing protocols for self-care education
Enhances telehealth strategies for remote patient support
Provides framework for new training programs for nursing students
Helps improve discharge planning and transitional care models
Electronic Health Records systems implement Orem's theory for enhancing the operation of self-care evaluation and record documentation. Such a system would enable better patient need tracking along with nursing intervention documentation. The theory enables development of new nursing protocols for self-care education which healthcare organizations can use in their settings. Remote patient support along with monitoring services can benefit from the use of this theory to achieve higher telehealth quality. Future nurses will acquire better understanding of self-care principles and their practical implementation because of the theory implementation in nursing education curricula (Walker & Avant, 2019). Patients benefit from sustained care through the application of the theory within discharge planning protocols that continue their support beyond healthcare facilities.
8
Major Strengths and Limitations
Strengths:
Clear and structured model for nursing care
Applicable to various healthcare settings
Promotes patient independence and holistic care
Supports evidence-based nursing interventions
Limitations:
Not always applicable in emergency/critical care situations
Requires patient cooperation and cognitive ability
Limited focus on emotional and social aspects of care
Can be time-consuming to implement fully
ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.
Orem's theory stands out for its structured format of nursing care delivery. This theory functions widely across various healthcare locations while helping patients adopt independent care practices. Through its organized framework the theory enables nurses to use evidence-based care approaches along with comprehensive health care which accounts for physical, psychological and social health elements. The theory carries several limitations among its framework. Medical assistance should be provided immediately in critical or emergency situations where this concept may not apply. Patients' collaboration and mental state are central aspects of this theory but may be missing in some patient populations. The theory lacks in placing significant emphasis on emotional and social practice care even though these aspects carry inherent meaning to the provision of holistic nursing care.
9
Conclusion
Orem’s SCDNT is a foundational nursing theory
Helps nurses assess and address patient self-care deficits
Promotes patient independence and recovery
Supports structured and individualized nursing care
Continues to be relevant in modern healthcare settings
The Orem Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory represents a fundamental nursing theory with a scientific program for generating patient care. Therapeutic plans for patient independence begin after nurses perform assessments which evaluate patient needs through self-care deficit evaluation. This theory provides individualized medical treatments which build superior nursing practices within various care environments. Nursing practice based on evidence makes use of this theory through its development of assessment instruments and therapeutic protocols. The theory maintains its usefulness within present-day healthcare delivery even though it faces challenges due to ongoing effects on educational research about nursing and clinical tasks and research projects. The present healthcare system supports self-care practice which recognizes patient-led strategies and comprehensive health services.
10
References
Isik, E., & Fredland, N. M. (2023). Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory to improve children's self-care: An integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(1), 6-17.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10598405211050062)
Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2019). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (Vol. 4). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall..
Wayne, G. (2024). Nursing theories and theorists: An ultimate guide for nurses. Nurseslabs.
[https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/](https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/)
Yip, J. Y. C. (2021). Theory-based advanced nursing practice: A practice update on the application of Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211011993.
[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23779608211011993)
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