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**## EnvironmentalTechnologyunit8.docx**
This assignment measures your mastery of CLOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. It may be beneficial to review the Unit VIII lesson before completing this assignment.
In this unit, we summarized all of the concepts you learned throughout the course, tying everything together.
For this assignment, you will write an essay in which you will apply safety and health-related theory and technology to address environmental issues. Please include the components listed below in your essay.
· Discuss an environmental technology (
**Waste management**: Recycling, waste-to-energy, and wastewater treatment) from the course that you found the most beneficial and impactful.
· Provide an equation used for computing water flow rate from pipe diameter. Describe the application and variables in the equation.
· Explain two methods for treating water.
· Explain two features of a solid waste (sanitary) landfill.
· Describe two hazardous waste onsite remediation technologies.
· Explain the purpose of an electrostatic precipitator and the air pollutants that it removes, and show an equation used to determine its efficiency. Use this equation to determine the efficiency of an EP with a collector plate area of 5000 sq. m., gas flow rate of 200 m/s and an effective drift velocity of 0.1 m/s.
· Provide the equation used to compute SPL (in dB) from sound pressure in µbars. If a bulldozer emits a sound level of 90 dBA, what is the sound level (dBA) of two bulldozers next to each other?
· Discuss your favorite part of the course.
Your essay should flow smoothly from topic to topic with thoughtful transitions. Your essay should be at least four pages in length, not counting the references page; a title page is optional.
Support your essay with at least two peer-reviewed articles from the CSU Online Library. The articles should be no more than 20 years old. Feel free to use the textbook and other sources as references in addition to your two CSU Online Library sources. Be sure to properly cite and reference all sources, and use APA format.
**## ENVUnitVIIIstudyguide.pdf**
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine key principles of environmental technology.
2. Assess processes for treating water.
3. Analyze piping systems.
4. Evaluate solid waste handling methods.
5. Evaluate hazardous waste handling methods.
6. Examine air pollution.
7. Explain noise pollution.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resource, click the link below:
Ashley, K. (Ed.), Waits, A., Hartzell, E., & Harten, T. (Reps.). (2005). Analytical performance criteria. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Technology Verification Program–An overview.
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 2(11), D87–D90.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=a9h&AN=20504615&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
We are now in Unit VIII. We have learned a lot about environmental technologies. We began with key
principles of technologies. Then, we learned about water treatment, piping, solid waste, hazardous waste, air
pollution, and noise pollution. This lesson will describe a case study scenario that brings together the course
learning objectives.
Scenario
A fictitious company called GoodProcesses Inc. has (fictitiously) had conversations with state and local
government officials. GoodProcesses Inc. is proposing using an existing building for its manufacturing
process. It needs to make sure the existing piping and water treatment tanks are sufficient. It also needs to
determine its classification under hazardous waste laws, treat gaseous emissions, and address noise
concerns. In addition, GoodProcesses Inc. is considering building and operating a solid waste landfill and
needs to determine if there is enough land at its selected location.
Piping system: GoodProcesses Inc. plans to purchase an old industrial facility for a manufacturing process.
The old facility has an elevated tank that is open to atmospheric pressure that delivers water through a pipe to
a process at atmospheric pressure but at a lower elevation than the tank. The existing pipe is an 8-inch
diameter iron water pipe that has an elevation drop of 1.25 feet over its 250 foot length. GoodProcesses Inc.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Putting It All Together
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ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
needs to determine if the pipe will carry the 300 gpm of water that they need for its manufacturing process.
The flow rate is shown below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 33).
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54
Q = Flow rate, gpm (gallons per minute)
C= Hazen-Williams Coefficient
D = Pipe inside diameter, inch
S = Slope of hydraulic grade line, dimensionless
For the plant, the following equation is relevant.
𝑆𝑆 =
Elevation Drop
Pipe Length
=
1.25 ft
250 ft
= 0.005
ft
ft
Since the pipe is old, C is approximately 100.
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54 = (0.28)(100)(8 in. )2.63 �0.005
ft
ft
�
0.54
= 380 gpm
Since the flow rate required is 300 gpm and the pipe can deliver 380 gpm, the existing pipe is adequate.
Water treatment: GoodProcesses Inc. needs to filter the suspended sediment out of the water so that the
water is clean enough to use for its manufacturing process. There is an existing rapid sand filter in the facility
that has an area (looking down on it since water flows through it vertically) of 180 ft2. Is this area sufficient to
process the desired flow rate of 300 gpm?
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), a rapid sand filter effectively operates at 2 gpm/ft2 where the ft2
represents the cross-sectional area (looking down) on the tank holding the sand. A 180 ft2 tank can process
the flow rate of dirty water shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Q = Flow rate, gpm
R = Design filtration rate = 2 gpm/ft2
A = Tank (filter) area = 180 ft2
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = �2
gpm
ft2
� (180 ft2) = 360 gpm
The rapid sand filter can process 360 gpm, which shows that it is sufficiently large and will easily process the
required 300 gpm.
Hazardous waste: GoodProcesses Inc. realizes that it will generate hazardous waste from its manufacturing
process. However, the company is hopeful that it will be classified as a conditionally exempt small-quantity
generator. A conditionally exempt small-quantity generator generates less than 100 kg of hazardous waste
per month (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 322). Though GoodProcesses Inc. knows its processes, it is not
well versed on what exactly constitutes hazardous waste. Thus, the company has hired an environmental firm
to compute its hazardous waste generation. The environmental firm computed a hazardous waste generation
rate of 0.2 kg for each hour that GoodProcesses Inc.'s manufacturing process is in operation. GoodProcesses
Inc. plans to operate the process 16 hours per 24-hour period on weekdays but not at all on weekends.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The number of hours that the manufacturing process runs per week TW is shown below.
𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 = �16
hr
day
� �5
day
wk
� = 80
hr
wk
Since months have variable numbers of weeks, to get a monthly number of hours, it is best to use the value
52 weeks/year. Hours of operation per month TM:
𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
80 hr
wk
� �
52 wk
yr
� �
yr
12 months
� = 346.7
hr
month
The amount of hazardous waste generated per month is shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀
H = Mass rate of hazardous waste generation
R = Hazardous waste generation rate = 0.2 kg/hr of operation
TM = Hours of operation per month
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
0.2 kg
hr
� �
346.7 hr
month
� = 69.3
kg
month
Therefore, GoodProcesses Inc. is a conditionally exempt small-quantity generator since 69.3 kg/month is less
than 100 kg/month.
Air pollution control: As a part of its pollution prevention plan, GoodProcesses Inc.'s management has a
goal of removing 90% of its particulate matter from its gaseous stream that flows at 140 m3/s during process
operation. GoodProcesses Inc. has hired an engineering firm to determine how best to achieve the 90% goal.
The engineering firm determined that an electrostatic precipitator would be the most cost-effective option for
the company’s process. To size the electrostatic precipitator's plate, the following equation is used
(Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 380).
𝐸𝐸 = 100 �1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 �
E = Percent removal efficiency = 90%
w = Effective drift velocity
A = Total collector plate area
Q = Gas flow rate of gas through the electrostatic precipitator = 140 m3/s
The effective drift velocity is a design value set by the manufacturer of the electrostatic precipitator. The
manufacturer indicates a value of w=0.1 m/s.
The above equation is algebraically rearranged to solve for A.
𝐸𝐸
100
= 1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄
Then, the equation would be represented as shown below.
𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 = 1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Take the natural logarithm of both sides.
ln�𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 � = ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Thus, the following equation must be resolved.
−
𝑤𝑤𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄
= ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
So, the following equation would be the result.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Compute area A.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
� = −
�140 m3
s �
�0.1 m
s �
ln �1 −
90
100
� = 3223 m2
The engineering firm suggests that GoodProcesses Inc. should purchase an electrostatic precipitator that has
an area of at least 3223 m2 in order to achieve 90% removal of particulate matter.
Production of noise: GoodProcesses, Inc. realizes that it must also address potential noise issues. The
company wants to make sure that it does not exceed 80 dB (decibels) for its loudest process after using
cushioning, mufflers, and enclosures to reduce noise. Considering all of the equipment in the building and the
noise protection measures, the loudest process is rated to put out 1.5 μbar of sound pressure.
GoodProcesses Inc. has staff that are able to convert the sound pressure rating to dB. The safety department
uses the equation below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 391).
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜
�
log = Common (base 10) logarithm
SPL = Sound pressure level, dB
P = Sound pressure = 1.5 μbar
Po = Reference sound pressure = 0.0002 μbar
Therefore, the SPL from the 1.5 μbar process is as shown below.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
1.5 μbar
0.0002 μbar
� = 77.5 dB
Since 77.5 dB is less than 80 dB, GoodProcesses Inc. has achieved its goal of having 80 dB or less noise for
its loudest process.
Solid waste: In addition to operating its own manufacturing facility, the management of GoodProcesses Inc.
has been in conversations with the state’s environmental protection agency about constructing a new landfill.
The site that the company would like to use has an area of 150 acres for the waste, plus additional land area
for buildings and buffer zones. If the landfill is to serve an average population of 60,000 people for 30 years
and the depth of the landfill is 25 ft, will the available land area be sufficient?
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), the following design values are helpful (p. 310).
R = Rate of waste generation per person = 5 pounds per person per day = 5 lb/person-day
U = Unit weight of refuse = 1000 pounds per cubic yard = 1000 lb/yd3
C = Percent of volume used by cover material = 25% by volume
= 0.25 ft3 cover volume/ft3 refuse volume
From GoodProcesses Inc.'s proposal, the following information is relevant.
P = Population = 60,000 people
T = Landfill lifetime = 30 years
Y = Landfill depth = 25 ft
A = Landfill area = To be computed
Compute total weight of refuse generated per year W.
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 = (60,000 people) �
5 lb
person − day
� �
365 day
yr
� = 1.095×108
lb
yr
Total yearly volume of refuse generated VR is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑈𝑈
=
1.095×108 lb
yr
1000 lb
yd3
= 109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
Additional annual volume for cover material VC is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = �0.25
yd3 cover
yd3 refuse
��109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
� = 27,375
yd3 cover
yr
Total annual required landfill volume VT is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 =
109,500 yd3 refuse
yr
+
27,375 yd3 cover
yr
= 136,875
yd3
yr
Total lifetime required landfill volume V is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = (30 yr)�
136,875 yd3
yr
� = 4.106×106 yd3
Landfill area A required is as shown below.
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑉𝑉
𝑌𝑌
=
(4.106×106 yd3)
(25 ft)
�
27 ft3
yd3
� �
acre
43,560 ft2
� = 102 acres
Therefore, the available land area of 150 acres is more than enough space because only 102 acres are
required.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 6
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Conclusion
This lesson has discussed a fictitious company's considerations for a manufacturing process facility and a
solid waste landfill. The lesson has brought together calculations for pipe sizing, water treatment, hazardous
waste generation, air pollution control, noise, and landfill sizing. Now, you are more versed in environmental
technology as a result of this course.
Reference
Nathanson, J. A., & Schneider, R. A. (2015). Basic environmental technology: Water supply, waste
management, and pollution control (6th ed.). Pearson.
Suggested Reading
The following chapters were required in previous units. Review the following chapters to refresh your memory
to help you with the final assignment:
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Hydraulics
Chapter 4: Water Quality
Chapter 5: Water Pollution
Chapter 6: Drinking Water Purification
Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems
Chapter 8: Sanitary Sewer Systems
Chapter 11: Municipal Solid Waste
Chapter 12: Hazardous Waste Management
Chapter 13: Air Pollution and Control
Chapter 14: Noise Pollution and Control
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Reading Assignment
– Unit Lesson
– Suggested Reading
**## ENVUnitVIIIstudyguide.pdf**
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine key principles of environmental technology.
2. Assess processes for treating water.
3. Analyze piping systems.
4. Evaluate solid waste handling methods.
5. Evaluate hazardous waste handling methods.
6. Examine air pollution.
7. Explain noise pollution.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resource, click the link below:
Ashley, K. (Ed.), Waits, A., Hartzell, E., & Harten, T. (Reps.). (2005). Analytical performance criteria. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Technology Verification Program–An overview.
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 2(11), D87–D90.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=a9h&AN=20504615&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
We are now in Unit VIII. We have learned a lot about environmental technologies. We began with key
principles of technologies. Then, we learned about water treatment, piping, solid waste, hazardous waste, air
pollution, and noise pollution. This lesson will describe a case study scenario that brings together the course
learning objectives.
Scenario
A fictitious company called GoodProcesses Inc. has (fictitiously) had conversations with state and local
government officials. GoodProcesses Inc. is proposing using an existing building for its manufacturing
process. It needs to make sure the existing piping and water treatment tanks are sufficient. It also needs to
determine its classification under hazardous waste laws, treat gaseous emissions, and address noise
concerns. In addition, GoodProcesses Inc. is considering building and operating a solid waste landfill and
needs to determine if there is enough land at its selected location.
Piping system: GoodProcesses Inc. plans to purchase an old industrial facility for a manufacturing process.
The old facility has an elevated tank that is open to atmospheric pressure that delivers water through a pipe to
a process at atmospheric pressure but at a lower elevation than the tank. The existing pipe is an 8-inch
diameter iron water pipe that has an elevation drop of 1.25 feet over its 250 foot length. GoodProcesses Inc.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Putting It All Together
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ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
needs to determine if the pipe will carry the 300 gpm of water that they need for its manufacturing process.
The flow rate is shown below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 33).
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54
Q = Flow rate, gpm (gallons per minute)
C= Hazen-Williams Coefficient
D = Pipe inside diameter, inch
S = Slope of hydraulic grade line, dimensionless
For the plant, the following equation is relevant.
𝑆𝑆 =
Elevation Drop
Pipe Length
=
1.25 ft
250 ft
= 0.005
ft
ft
Since the pipe is old, C is approximately 100.
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54 = (0.28)(100)(8 in. )2.63 �0.005
ft
ft
�
0.54
= 380 gpm
Since the flow rate required is 300 gpm and the pipe can deliver 380 gpm, the existing pipe is adequate.
Water treatment: GoodProcesses Inc. needs to filter the suspended sediment out of the water so that the
water is clean enough to use for its manufacturing process. There is an existing rapid sand filter in the facility
that has an area (looking down on it since water flows through it vertically) of 180 ft2. Is this area sufficient to
process the desired flow rate of 300 gpm?
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), a rapid sand filter effectively operates at 2 gpm/ft2 where the ft2
represents the cross-sectional area (looking down) on the tank holding the sand. A 180 ft2 tank can process
the flow rate of dirty water shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Q = Flow rate, gpm
R = Design filtration rate = 2 gpm/ft2
A = Tank (filter) area = 180 ft2
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = �2
gpm
ft2
� (180 ft2) = 360 gpm
The rapid sand filter can process 360 gpm, which shows that it is sufficiently large and will easily process the
required 300 gpm.
Hazardous waste: GoodProcesses Inc. realizes that it will generate hazardous waste from its manufacturing
process. However, the company is hopeful that it will be classified as a conditionally exempt small-quantity
generator. A conditionally exempt small-quantity generator generates less than 100 kg of hazardous waste
per month (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 322). Though GoodProcesses Inc. knows its processes, it is not
well versed on what exactly constitutes hazardous waste. Thus, the company has hired an environmental firm
to compute its hazardous waste generation. The environmental firm computed a hazardous waste generation
rate of 0.2 kg for each hour that GoodProcesses Inc.'s manufacturing process is in operation. GoodProcesses
Inc. plans to operate the process 16 hours per 24-hour period on weekdays but not at all on weekends.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The number of hours that the manufacturing process runs per week TW is shown below.
𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 = �16
hr
day
� �5
day
wk
� = 80
hr
wk
Since months have variable numbers of weeks, to get a monthly number of hours, it is best to use the value
52 weeks/year. Hours of operation per month TM:
𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
80 hr
wk
� �
52 wk
yr
� �
yr
12 months
� = 346.7
hr
month
The amount of hazardous waste generated per month is shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀
H = Mass rate of hazardous waste generation
R = Hazardous waste generation rate = 0.2 kg/hr of operation
TM = Hours of operation per month
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
0.2 kg
hr
� �
346.7 hr
month
� = 69.3
kg
month
Therefore, GoodProcesses Inc. is a conditionally exempt small-quantity generator since 69.3 kg/month is less
than 100 kg/month.
Air pollution control: As a part of its pollution prevention plan, GoodProcesses Inc.'s management has a
goal of removing 90% of its particulate matter from its gaseous stream that flows at 140 m3/s during process
operation. GoodProcesses Inc. has hired an engineering firm to determine how best to achieve the 90% goal.
The engineering firm determined that an electrostatic precipitator would be the most cost-effective option for
the company’s process. To size the electrostatic precipitator's plate, the following equation is used
(Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 380).
𝐸𝐸 = 100 �1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 �
E = Percent removal efficiency = 90%
w = Effective drift velocity
A = Total collector plate area
Q = Gas flow rate of gas through the electrostatic precipitator = 140 m3/s
The effective drift velocity is a design value set by the manufacturer of the electrostatic precipitator. The
manufacturer indicates a value of w=0.1 m/s.
The above equation is algebraically rearranged to solve for A.
𝐸𝐸
100
= 1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄
Then, the equation would be represented as shown below.
𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 = 1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Take the natural logarithm of both sides.
ln�𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 � = ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Thus, the following equation must be resolved.
−
𝑤𝑤𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄
= ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
So, the following equation would be the result.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Compute area A.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
� = −
�140 m3
s �
�0.1 m
s �
ln �1 −
90
100
� = 3223 m2
The engineering firm suggests that GoodProcesses Inc. should purchase an electrostatic precipitator that has
an area of at least 3223 m2 in order to achieve 90% removal of particulate matter.
Production of noise: GoodProcesses, Inc. realizes that it must also address potential noise issues. The
company wants to make sure that it does not exceed 80 dB (decibels) for its loudest process after using
cushioning, mufflers, and enclosures to reduce noise. Considering all of the equipment in the building and the
noise protection measures, the loudest process is rated to put out 1.5 μbar of sound pressure.
GoodProcesses Inc. has staff that are able to convert the sound pressure rating to dB. The safety department
uses the equation below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 391).
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜
�
log = Common (base 10) logarithm
SPL = Sound pressure level, dB
P = Sound pressure = 1.5 μbar
Po = Reference sound pressure = 0.0002 μbar
Therefore, the SPL from the 1.5 μbar process is as shown below.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
1.5 μbar
0.0002 μbar
� = 77.5 dB
Since 77.5 dB is less than 80 dB, GoodProcesses Inc. has achieved its goal of having 80 dB or less noise for
its loudest process.
Solid waste: In addition to operating its own manufacturing facility, the management of GoodProcesses Inc.
has been in conversations with the state’s environmental protection agency about constructing a new landfill.
The site that the company would like to use has an area of 150 acres for the waste, plus additional land area
for buildings and buffer zones. If the landfill is to serve an average population of 60,000 people for 30 years
and the depth of the landfill is 25 ft, will the available land area be sufficient?
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), the following design values are helpful (p. 310).
R = Rate of waste generation per person = 5 pounds per person per day = 5 lb/person-day
U = Unit weight of refuse = 1000 pounds per cubic yard = 1000 lb/yd3
C = Percent of volume used by cover material = 25% by volume
= 0.25 ft3 cover volume/ft3 refuse volume
From GoodProcesses Inc.'s proposal, the following information is relevant.
P = Population = 60,000 people
T = Landfill lifetime = 30 years
Y = Landfill depth = 25 ft
A = Landfill area = To be computed
Compute total weight of refuse generated per year W.
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 = (60,000 people) �
5 lb
person − day
� �
365 day
yr
� = 1.095×108
lb
yr
Total yearly volume of refuse generated VR is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑈𝑈
=
1.095×108 lb
yr
1000 lb
yd3
= 109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
Additional annual volume for cover material VC is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = �0.25
yd3 cover
yd3 refuse
��109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
� = 27,375
yd3 cover
yr
Total annual required landfill volume VT is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 =
109,500 yd3 refuse
yr
+
27,375 yd3 cover
yr
= 136,875
yd3
yr
Total lifetime required landfill volume V is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = (30 yr)�
136,875 yd3
yr
� = 4.106×106 yd3
Landfill area A required is as shown below.
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑉𝑉
𝑌𝑌
=
(4.106×106 yd3)
(25 ft)
�
27 ft3
yd3
� �
acre
43,560 ft2
� = 102 acres
Therefore, the available land area of 150 acres is more than enough space because only 102 acres are
required.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 6
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Conclusion
This lesson has discussed a fictitious company's considerations for a manufacturing process facility and a
solid waste landfill. The lesson has brought together calculations for pipe sizing, water treatment, hazardous
waste generation, air pollution control, noise, and landfill sizing. Now, you are more versed in environmental
technology as a result of this course.
Reference
Nathanson, J. A., & Schneider, R. A. (2015). Basic environmental technology: Water supply, waste
management, and pollution control (6th ed.). Pearson.
Suggested Reading
The following chapters were required in previous units. Review the following chapters to refresh your memory
to help you with the final assignment:
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Hydraulics
Chapter 4: Water Quality
Chapter 5: Water Pollution
Chapter 6: Drinking Water Purification
Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems
Chapter 8: Sanitary Sewer Systems
Chapter 11: Municipal Solid Waste
Chapter 12: Hazardous Waste Management
Chapter 13: Air Pollution and Control
Chapter 14: Noise Pollution and Control
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Reading Assignment
– Unit Lesson
– Suggested Reading
**## EnvironmentalTechnologyunit8.docx**
This assignment measures your mastery of CLOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. It may be beneficial to review the Unit VIII lesson before completing this assignment.
In this unit, we summarized all of the concepts you learned throughout the course, tying everything together.
For this assignment, you will write an essay in which you will apply safety and health-related theory and technology to address environmental issues. Please include the components listed below in your essay.
· Discuss an environmental technology (
**Waste management**: Recycling, waste-to-energy, and wastewater treatment) from the course that you found the most beneficial and impactful.
· Provide an equation used for computing water flow rate from pipe diameter. Describe the application and variables in the equation.
· Explain two methods for treating water.
· Explain two features of a solid waste (sanitary) landfill.
· Describe two hazardous waste onsite remediation technologies.
· Explain the purpose of an electrostatic precipitator and the air pollutants that it removes, and show an equation used to determine its efficiency. Use this equation to determine the efficiency of an EP with a collector plate area of 5000 sq. m., gas flow rate of 200 m/s and an effective drift velocity of 0.1 m/s.
· Provide the equation used to compute SPL (in dB) from sound pressure in µbars. If a bulldozer emits a sound level of 90 dBA, what is the sound level (dBA) of two bulldozers next to each other?
· Discuss your favorite part of the course.
Your essay should flow smoothly from topic to topic with thoughtful transitions. Your essay should be at least four pages in length, not counting the references page; a title page is optional.
Support your essay with at least two peer-reviewed articles from the CSU Online Library. The articles should be no more than 20 years old. Feel free to use the textbook and other sources as references in addition to your two CSU Online Library sources. Be sure to properly cite and reference all sources, and use APA format.
**## ENVUnitVIIIstudyguide.pdf**
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine key principles of environmental technology.
2. Assess processes for treating water.
3. Analyze piping systems.
4. Evaluate solid waste handling methods.
5. Evaluate hazardous waste handling methods.
6. Examine air pollution.
7. Explain noise pollution.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resource, click the link below:
Ashley, K. (Ed.), Waits, A., Hartzell, E., & Harten, T. (Reps.). (2005). Analytical performance criteria. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Technology Verification Program–An overview.
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 2(11), D87–D90.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=a9h&AN=20504615&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
We are now in Unit VIII. We have learned a lot about environmental technologies. We began with key
principles of technologies. Then, we learned about water treatment, piping, solid waste, hazardous waste, air
pollution, and noise pollution. This lesson will describe a case study scenario that brings together the course
learning objectives.
Scenario
A fictitious company called GoodProcesses Inc. has (fictitiously) had conversations with state and local
government officials. GoodProcesses Inc. is proposing using an existing building for its manufacturing
process. It needs to make sure the existing piping and water treatment tanks are sufficient. It also needs to
determine its classification under hazardous waste laws, treat gaseous emissions, and address noise
concerns. In addition, GoodProcesses Inc. is considering building and operating a solid waste landfill and
needs to determine if there is enough land at its selected location.
Piping system: GoodProcesses Inc. plans to purchase an old industrial facility for a manufacturing process.
The old facility has an elevated tank that is open to atmospheric pressure that delivers water through a pipe to
a process at atmospheric pressure but at a lower elevation than the tank. The existing pipe is an 8-inch
diameter iron water pipe that has an elevation drop of 1.25 feet over its 250 foot length. GoodProcesses Inc.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Putting It All Together
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ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
needs to determine if the pipe will carry the 300 gpm of water that they need for its manufacturing process.
The flow rate is shown below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 33).
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54
Q = Flow rate, gpm (gallons per minute)
C= Hazen-Williams Coefficient
D = Pipe inside diameter, inch
S = Slope of hydraulic grade line, dimensionless
For the plant, the following equation is relevant.
𝑆𝑆 =
Elevation Drop
Pipe Length
=
1.25 ft
250 ft
= 0.005
ft
ft
Since the pipe is old, C is approximately 100.
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54 = (0.28)(100)(8 in. )2.63 �0.005
ft
ft
�
0.54
= 380 gpm
Since the flow rate required is 300 gpm and the pipe can deliver 380 gpm, the existing pipe is adequate.
Water treatment: GoodProcesses Inc. needs to filter the suspended sediment out of the water so that the
water is clean enough to use for its manufacturing process. There is an existing rapid sand filter in the facility
that has an area (looking down on it since water flows through it vertically) of 180 ft2. Is this area sufficient to
process the desired flow rate of 300 gpm?
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), a rapid sand filter effectively operates at 2 gpm/ft2 where the ft2
represents the cross-sectional area (looking down) on the tank holding the sand. A 180 ft2 tank can process
the flow rate of dirty water shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Q = Flow rate, gpm
R = Design filtration rate = 2 gpm/ft2
A = Tank (filter) area = 180 ft2
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = �2
gpm
ft2
� (180 ft2) = 360 gpm
The rapid sand filter can process 360 gpm, which shows that it is sufficiently large and will easily process the
required 300 gpm.
Hazardous waste: GoodProcesses Inc. realizes that it will generate hazardous waste from its manufacturing
process. However, the company is hopeful that it will be classified as a conditionally exempt small-quantity
generator. A conditionally exempt small-quantity generator generates less than 100 kg of hazardous waste
per month (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 322). Though GoodProcesses Inc. knows its processes, it is not
well versed on what exactly constitutes hazardous waste. Thus, the company has hired an environmental firm
to compute its hazardous waste generation. The environmental firm computed a hazardous waste generation
rate of 0.2 kg for each hour that GoodProcesses Inc.'s manufacturing process is in operation. GoodProcesses
Inc. plans to operate the process 16 hours per 24-hour period on weekdays but not at all on weekends.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The number of hours that the manufacturing process runs per week TW is shown below.
𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 = �16
hr
day
� �5
day
wk
� = 80
hr
wk
Since months have variable numbers of weeks, to get a monthly number of hours, it is best to use the value
52 weeks/year. Hours of operation per month TM:
𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
80 hr
wk
� �
52 wk
yr
� �
yr
12 months
� = 346.7
hr
month
The amount of hazardous waste generated per month is shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀
H = Mass rate of hazardous waste generation
R = Hazardous waste generation rate = 0.2 kg/hr of operation
TM = Hours of operation per month
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
0.2 kg
hr
� �
346.7 hr
month
� = 69.3
kg
month
Therefore, GoodProcesses Inc. is a conditionally exempt small-quantity generator since 69.3 kg/month is less
than 100 kg/month.
Air pollution control: As a part of its pollution prevention plan, GoodProcesses Inc.'s management has a
goal of removing 90% of its particulate matter from its gaseous stream that flows at 140 m3/s during process
operation. GoodProcesses Inc. has hired an engineering firm to determine how best to achieve the 90% goal.
The engineering firm determined that an electrostatic precipitator would be the most cost-effective option for
the company’s process. To size the electrostatic precipitator's plate, the following equation is used
(Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 380).
𝐸𝐸 = 100 �1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 �
E = Percent removal efficiency = 90%
w = Effective drift velocity
A = Total collector plate area
Q = Gas flow rate of gas through the electrostatic precipitator = 140 m3/s
The effective drift velocity is a design value set by the manufacturer of the electrostatic precipitator. The
manufacturer indicates a value of w=0.1 m/s.
The above equation is algebraically rearranged to solve for A.
𝐸𝐸
100
= 1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄
Then, the equation would be represented as shown below.
𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 = 1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Take the natural logarithm of both sides.
ln�𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 � = ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Thus, the following equation must be resolved.
−
𝑤𝑤𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄
= ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
So, the following equation would be the result.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Compute area A.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
� = −
�140 m3
s �
�0.1 m
s �
ln �1 −
90
100
� = 3223 m2
The engineering firm suggests that GoodProcesses Inc. should purchase an electrostatic precipitator that has
an area of at least 3223 m2 in order to achieve 90% removal of particulate matter.
Production of noise: GoodProcesses, Inc. realizes that it must also address potential noise issues. The
company wants to make sure that it does not exceed 80 dB (decibels) for its loudest process after using
cushioning, mufflers, and enclosures to reduce noise. Considering all of the equipment in the building and the
noise protection measures, the loudest process is rated to put out 1.5 μbar of sound pressure.
GoodProcesses Inc. has staff that are able to convert the sound pressure rating to dB. The safety department
uses the equation below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 391).
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜
�
log = Common (base 10) logarithm
SPL = Sound pressure level, dB
P = Sound pressure = 1.5 μbar
Po = Reference sound pressure = 0.0002 μbar
Therefore, the SPL from the 1.5 μbar process is as shown below.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
1.5 μbar
0.0002 μbar
� = 77.5 dB
Since 77.5 dB is less than 80 dB, GoodProcesses Inc. has achieved its goal of having 80 dB or less noise for
its loudest process.
Solid waste: In addition to operating its own manufacturing facility, the management of GoodProcesses Inc.
has been in conversations with the state’s environmental protection agency about constructing a new landfill.
The site that the company would like to use has an area of 150 acres for the waste, plus additional land area
for buildings and buffer zones. If the landfill is to serve an average population of 60,000 people for 30 years
and the depth of the landfill is 25 ft, will the available land area be sufficient?
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), the following design values are helpful (p. 310).
R = Rate of waste generation per person = 5 pounds per person per day = 5 lb/person-day
U = Unit weight of refuse = 1000 pounds per cubic yard = 1000 lb/yd3
C = Percent of volume used by cover material = 25% by volume
= 0.25 ft3 cover volume/ft3 refuse volume
From GoodProcesses Inc.'s proposal, the following information is relevant.
P = Population = 60,000 people
T = Landfill lifetime = 30 years
Y = Landfill depth = 25 ft
A = Landfill area = To be computed
Compute total weight of refuse generated per year W.
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 = (60,000 people) �
5 lb
person − day
� �
365 day
yr
� = 1.095×108
lb
yr
Total yearly volume of refuse generated VR is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑈𝑈
=
1.095×108 lb
yr
1000 lb
yd3
= 109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
Additional annual volume for cover material VC is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = �0.25
yd3 cover
yd3 refuse
��109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
� = 27,375
yd3 cover
yr
Total annual required landfill volume VT is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 =
109,500 yd3 refuse
yr
+
27,375 yd3 cover
yr
= 136,875
yd3
yr
Total lifetime required landfill volume V is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = (30 yr)�
136,875 yd3
yr
� = 4.106×106 yd3
Landfill area A required is as shown below.
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑉𝑉
𝑌𝑌
=
(4.106×106 yd3)
(25 ft)
�
27 ft3
yd3
� �
acre
43,560 ft2
� = 102 acres
Therefore, the available land area of 150 acres is more than enough space because only 102 acres are
required.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 6
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Conclusion
This lesson has discussed a fictitious company's considerations for a manufacturing process facility and a
solid waste landfill. The lesson has brought together calculations for pipe sizing, water treatment, hazardous
waste generation, air pollution control, noise, and landfill sizing. Now, you are more versed in environmental
technology as a result of this course.
Reference
Nathanson, J. A., & Schneider, R. A. (2015). Basic environmental technology: Water supply, waste
management, and pollution control (6th ed.). Pearson.
Suggested Reading
The following chapters were required in previous units. Review the following chapters to refresh your memory
to help you with the final assignment:
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Hydraulics
Chapter 4: Water Quality
Chapter 5: Water Pollution
Chapter 6: Drinking Water Purification
Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems
Chapter 8: Sanitary Sewer Systems
Chapter 11: Municipal Solid Waste
Chapter 12: Hazardous Waste Management
Chapter 13: Air Pollution and Control
Chapter 14: Noise Pollution and Control
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Reading Assignment
– Unit Lesson
– Suggested Reading
**## EnvironmentalTechnologyunit8.docx**
This assignment measures your mastery of CLOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. It may be beneficial to review the Unit VIII lesson before completing this assignment.
In this unit, we summarized all of the concepts you learned throughout the course, tying everything together.
For this assignment, you will write an essay in which you will apply safety and health-related theory and technology to address environmental issues. Please include the components listed below in your essay.
· Discuss an environmental technology (
**Waste management**: Recycling, waste-to-energy, and wastewater treatment) from the course that you found the most beneficial and impactful.
· Provide an equation used for computing water flow rate from pipe diameter. Describe the application and variables in the equation.
· Explain two methods for treating water.
· Explain two features of a solid waste (sanitary) landfill.
· Describe two hazardous waste onsite remediation technologies.
· Explain the purpose of an electrostatic precipitator and the air pollutants that it removes, and show an equation used to determine its efficiency. Use this equation to determine the efficiency of an EP with a collector plate area of 5000 sq. m., gas flow rate of 200 m/s and an effective drift velocity of 0.1 m/s.
· Provide the equation used to compute SPL (in dB) from sound pressure in µbars. If a bulldozer emits a sound level of 90 dBA, what is the sound level (dBA) of two bulldozers next to each other?
· Discuss your favorite part of the course.
Your essay should flow smoothly from topic to topic with thoughtful transitions. Your essay should be at least four pages in length, not counting the references page; a title page is optional.
Support your essay with at least two peer-reviewed articles from the CSU Online Library. The articles should be no more than 20 years old. Feel free to use the textbook and other sources as references in addition to your two CSU Online Library sources. Be sure to properly cite and reference all sources, and use APA format.
**## ENVUnitVIIIstudyguide.pdf**
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine key principles of environmental technology.
2. Assess processes for treating water.
3. Analyze piping systems.
4. Evaluate solid waste handling methods.
5. Evaluate hazardous waste handling methods.
6. Examine air pollution.
7. Explain noise pollution.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resource, click the link below:
Ashley, K. (Ed.), Waits, A., Hartzell, E., & Harten, T. (Reps.). (2005). Analytical performance criteria. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Technology Verification Program–An overview.
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene, 2(11), D87–D90.
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dire
ct=true&db=a9h&AN=20504615&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
We are now in Unit VIII. We have learned a lot about environmental technologies. We began with key
principles of technologies. Then, we learned about water treatment, piping, solid waste, hazardous waste, air
pollution, and noise pollution. This lesson will describe a case study scenario that brings together the course
learning objectives.
Scenario
A fictitious company called GoodProcesses Inc. has (fictitiously) had conversations with state and local
government officials. GoodProcesses Inc. is proposing using an existing building for its manufacturing
process. It needs to make sure the existing piping and water treatment tanks are sufficient. It also needs to
determine its classification under hazardous waste laws, treat gaseous emissions, and address noise
concerns. In addition, GoodProcesses Inc. is considering building and operating a solid waste landfill and
needs to determine if there is enough land at its selected location.
Piping system: GoodProcesses Inc. plans to purchase an old industrial facility for a manufacturing process.
The old facility has an elevated tank that is open to atmospheric pressure that delivers water through a pipe to
a process at atmospheric pressure but at a lower elevation than the tank. The existing pipe is an 8-inch
diameter iron water pipe that has an elevation drop of 1.25 feet over its 250 foot length. GoodProcesses Inc.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Putting It All Together
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ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
needs to determine if the pipe will carry the 300 gpm of water that they need for its manufacturing process.
The flow rate is shown below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 33).
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54
Q = Flow rate, gpm (gallons per minute)
C= Hazen-Williams Coefficient
D = Pipe inside diameter, inch
S = Slope of hydraulic grade line, dimensionless
For the plant, the following equation is relevant.
𝑆𝑆 =
Elevation Drop
Pipe Length
=
1.25 ft
250 ft
= 0.005
ft
ft
Since the pipe is old, C is approximately 100.
𝑄𝑄 = 0.28 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷2.63𝑆𝑆0.54 = (0.28)(100)(8 in. )2.63 �0.005
ft
ft
�
0.54
= 380 gpm
Since the flow rate required is 300 gpm and the pipe can deliver 380 gpm, the existing pipe is adequate.
Water treatment: GoodProcesses Inc. needs to filter the suspended sediment out of the water so that the
water is clean enough to use for its manufacturing process. There is an existing rapid sand filter in the facility
that has an area (looking down on it since water flows through it vertically) of 180 ft2. Is this area sufficient to
process the desired flow rate of 300 gpm?
From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), a rapid sand filter effectively operates at 2 gpm/ft2 where the ft2
represents the cross-sectional area (looking down) on the tank holding the sand. A 180 ft2 tank can process
the flow rate of dirty water shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Q = Flow rate, gpm
R = Design filtration rate = 2 gpm/ft2
A = Tank (filter) area = 180 ft2
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝑄𝑄 = �2
gpm
ft2
� (180 ft2) = 360 gpm
The rapid sand filter can process 360 gpm, which shows that it is sufficiently large and will easily process the
required 300 gpm.
Hazardous waste: GoodProcesses Inc. realizes that it will generate hazardous waste from its manufacturing
process. However, the company is hopeful that it will be classified as a conditionally exempt small-quantity
generator. A conditionally exempt small-quantity generator generates less than 100 kg of hazardous waste
per month (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 322). Though GoodProcesses Inc. knows its processes, it is not
well versed on what exactly constitutes hazardous waste. Thus, the company has hired an environmental firm
to compute its hazardous waste generation. The environmental firm computed a hazardous waste generation
rate of 0.2 kg for each hour that GoodProcesses Inc.'s manufacturing process is in operation. GoodProcesses
Inc. plans to operate the process 16 hours per 24-hour period on weekdays but not at all on weekends.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
The number of hours that the manufacturing process runs per week TW is shown below.
𝑇𝑇𝑊𝑊 = �16
hr
day
� �5
day
wk
� = 80
hr
wk
Since months have variable numbers of weeks, to get a monthly number of hours, it is best to use the value
52 weeks/year. Hours of operation per month TM:
𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
80 hr
wk
� �
52 wk
yr
� �
yr
12 months
� = 346.7
hr
month
The amount of hazardous waste generated per month is shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀
H = Mass rate of hazardous waste generation
R = Hazardous waste generation rate = 0.2 kg/hr of operation
TM = Hours of operation per month
Therefore, the equation is as shown below.
𝐻𝐻 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀 = �
0.2 kg
hr
� �
346.7 hr
month
� = 69.3
kg
month
Therefore, GoodProcesses Inc. is a conditionally exempt small-quantity generator since 69.3 kg/month is less
than 100 kg/month.
Air pollution control: As a part of its pollution prevention plan, GoodProcesses Inc.'s management has a
goal of removing 90% of its particulate matter from its gaseous stream that flows at 140 m3/s during process
operation. GoodProcesses Inc. has hired an engineering firm to determine how best to achieve the 90% goal.
The engineering firm determined that an electrostatic precipitator would be the most cost-effective option for
the company’s process. To size the electrostatic precipitator's plate, the following equation is used
(Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 380).
𝐸𝐸 = 100 �1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 �
E = Percent removal efficiency = 90%
w = Effective drift velocity
A = Total collector plate area
Q = Gas flow rate of gas through the electrostatic precipitator = 140 m3/s
The effective drift velocity is a design value set by the manufacturer of the electrostatic precipitator. The
manufacturer indicates a value of w=0.1 m/s.
The above equation is algebraically rearranged to solve for A.
𝐸𝐸
100
= 1 − 𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄
Then, the equation would be represented as shown below.
𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 = 1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Take the natural logarithm of both sides.
ln�𝑒𝑒
−𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑄𝑄 � = ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Thus, the following equation must be resolved.
−
𝑤𝑤𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄
= ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
So, the following equation would be the result.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
�
Compute area A.
𝑅𝑅 = −
𝑄𝑄
𝑤𝑤
ln �1 −
𝐸𝐸
100
� = −
�140 m3
s �
�0.1 m
s �
ln �1 −
90
100
� = 3223 m2
The engineering firm suggests that GoodProcesses Inc. should purchase an electrostatic precipitator that has
an area of at least 3223 m2 in order to achieve 90% removal of particulate matter.
Production of noise: GoodProcesses, Inc. realizes that it must also address potential noise issues. The
company wants to make sure that it does not exceed 80 dB (decibels) for its loudest process after using
cushioning, mufflers, and enclosures to reduce noise. Considering all of the equipment in the building and the
noise protection measures, the loudest process is rated to put out 1.5 μbar of sound pressure.
GoodProcesses Inc. has staff that are able to convert the sound pressure rating to dB. The safety department
uses the equation below (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015, p. 391).
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜
�
log = Common (base 10) logarithm
SPL = Sound pressure level, dB
P = Sound pressure = 1.5 μbar
Po = Reference sound pressure = 0.0002 μbar
Therefore, the SPL from the 1.5 μbar process is as shown below.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 20 log �
1.5 μbar
0.0002 μbar
� = 77.5 dB
Since 77.5 dB is less than 80 dB, GoodProcesses Inc. has achieved its goal of having 80 dB or less noise for
its loudest process.
Solid waste: In addition to operating its own manufacturing facility, the management of GoodProcesses Inc.
has been in conversations with the state’s environmental protection agency about constructing a new landfill.
The site that the company would like to use has an area of 150 acres for the waste, plus additional land area
for buildings and buffer zones. If the landfill is to serve an average population of 60,000 people for 30 years
and the depth of the landfill is 25 ft, will the available land area be sufficient?
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
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From Nathanson and Schneider (2015), the following design values are helpful (p. 310).
R = Rate of waste generation per person = 5 pounds per person per day = 5 lb/person-day
U = Unit weight of refuse = 1000 pounds per cubic yard = 1000 lb/yd3
C = Percent of volume used by cover material = 25% by volume
= 0.25 ft3 cover volume/ft3 refuse volume
From GoodProcesses Inc.'s proposal, the following information is relevant.
P = Population = 60,000 people
T = Landfill lifetime = 30 years
Y = Landfill depth = 25 ft
A = Landfill area = To be computed
Compute total weight of refuse generated per year W.
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅 = (60,000 people) �
5 lb
person − day
� �
365 day
yr
� = 1.095×108
lb
yr
Total yearly volume of refuse generated VR is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑈𝑈
=
1.095×108 lb
yr
1000 lb
yd3
= 109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
Additional annual volume for cover material VC is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = �0.25
yd3 cover
yd3 refuse
��109,500
yd3 refuse
yr
� = 27,375
yd3 cover
yr
Total annual required landfill volume VT is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 =
109,500 yd3 refuse
yr
+
27,375 yd3 cover
yr
= 136,875
yd3
yr
Total lifetime required landfill volume V is as shown below.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇 = (30 yr)�
136,875 yd3
yr
� = 4.106×106 yd3
Landfill area A required is as shown below.
𝑅𝑅 =
𝑉𝑉
𝑌𝑌
=
(4.106×106 yd3)
(25 ft)
�
27 ft3
yd3
� �
acre
43,560 ft2
� = 102 acres
Therefore, the available land area of 150 acres is more than enough space because only 102 acres are
required.
ENV 4303, Environmental Technology 6
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Conclusion
This lesson has discussed a fictitious company's considerations for a manufacturing process facility and a
solid waste landfill. The lesson has brought together calculations for pipe sizing, water treatment, hazardous
waste generation, air pollution control, noise, and landfill sizing. Now, you are more versed in environmental
technology as a result of this course.
Reference
Nathanson, J. A., & Schneider, R. A. (2015). Basic environmental technology: Water supply, waste
management, and pollution control (6th ed.). Pearson.
Suggested Reading
The following chapters were required in previous units. Review the following chapters to refresh your memory
to help you with the final assignment:
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Hydraulics
Chapter 4: Water Quality
Chapter 5: Water Pollution
Chapter 6: Drinking Water Purification
Chapter 7: Water Distribution Systems
Chapter 8: Sanitary Sewer Systems
Chapter 11: Municipal Solid Waste
Chapter 12: Hazardous Waste Management
Chapter 13: Air Pollution and Control
Chapter 14: Noise Pollution and Control
– Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
– Reading Assignment
– Unit Lesson
– Suggested Reading