Assignment Prompt & Instructions
– ## ddd.docx
– ## Examplepaper-Cemeteries.pdf
**## ddd.docx**
Cemeteries are full of history. Have you ever taken a stroll through a cemetery? If you have, you would see the headstones all tell a story. They may or may not offer us a name, a birthdate, a death date, an inscription, something indicating their career, and even relationships. For instance, during different time frames, you might see the wife of Dr. Frank Smith, in place of a person’s name. You might notice patterns in the timing of deaths of children and parents. Was there a flu epidemic? Did a mother die giving birth? Did a young man die in war? Why do some people have large monuments, while others may have crumbling gravestones? Are the monuments and crumbling gravestones located next to each other? If there are any dates on the headstones, you can look up the history of grave markers and the materials they were made from.
**Objective:**
Be able to integrate research and information from headstones in two different cemeteries by comparing and contrasting them to have a better understanding of the cultural factors, sociological factors, and historical events represented in the cemeteries visited.
**Assignment Requirements:**
This is a research paper. Research should come from current professional sources (journal articles, books, websites, etc.).
**Only resources that have been cited should be in your reference section**. You will have
**at least 6** resources.
Your assignment should contain the following information to obtain full credit:
1. A title page (APA format) on a
**separate page**
2. A short abstract of your paper (
**Separate page following the title page**).
3. A general review of your research about grave markers/headstones
**AND** the cemeteries you will visit (
**before your observations**). You will present a short history of grave markers/headstones in general. Next, you will provide a brief history of the cemeteries you chose to visit.
**The history of the grave markers and the history of the cemeteries should be in separate paragraphs**.
4. Integration of your observations of the headstones and research that adequately addresses all of the following areas:
**· Cultural Factors (i.e., Identify traditions and beliefs, religion, economics, and art as it pertains to headstones)**
**· Sociological Factors (i.e., Identify families, Class conflicts/inequalities, race/ethnicity, spiritual beliefs)**
**· Historical Events (i.e., Identify epidemics of disease/illnesses, wars, technological/industrial advances of the time of the deceased)**
First, you
**should identify the grave markers/headstones you chose in the two cemeteries in the above history**. (
**Only show pictures and talk about the ones** studying for your assignment. You will want to use at
**least 8 markers, 4 in each cemetery, or 3 sets of family markers**.
**Place pictures of the headmarkers in the Appendix**. This summary should
**communicate you can integrate information to show you understand the cultural, sociological, and historical events represented by the headstones in the 2 cemeteries visited**.
**Specific examples of the cultural and sociological factors and historical events must be easily identified**. (See the example of this assignment in the General Section of this course page).
5. The final paragraph contains your thoughts and feelings as you were working through this assignment and after you completed it (
**this does not have research** as this is how you felt or what you thought as you worked through this assignment and at completion
**. It isn’t a summary of your information**). After examining your thoughts and feelings is there
**anything you plan to do differently as a result of this assignment**?
6. A reference section (
**Belongs on a separate sheet**. The first line of each reference is
**flush with the left margin and the second and third lines are indented**. See APA format.) Only resources that have been cited are placed in the reference section.
7. An
**appendix showing ALL pictures of the headstones/cemeteries required** for this assignment.
8. Written in APA style. Use
**New Times Roman, 12-point font, and double-space**.
**2600-word** **limit or less**.
9. Meet the requirements of the
[**Scoring Rubric**](http://moodle.amberton.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=132604) found in the General Section.
See the
[**Scoring Rubric**](http://aumoodle2.amberton.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=44125) for further information about grading. Be sure to
**hit the submit button** when submitting, otherwise, it will stay in draft form and show up late. Please check that you
**saved your paper with the correct file format**.
10. Submit Assignment: Cemeteries: A Cultural, Sociological, and Historical Lesson on
**Friday October 3 by 11:55 p.m. CST.**
**## Examplepaper-Cemeteries.pdf**
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 1
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Sheekha Chhetri
Amberton University
PSY3735.E1
Dr. Aimee Herring
03/30/2023
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 2
Abstract
This paper compares the headstones of two different cemeteries researched online to understand
the cultural, sociological, and historical factors represented by them. The study examines the
customs and values, religion, economics, art, families, class division and inequalities, epidemics,
war, and other elements represented by the headstones. The observation and research
demonstrate how the monuments offer a window into the past and aid in comprehending the
lives and deaths of our ancestors and beloved ones. Furthermore, the findings show that the
headstones provide valuable information about the livelihoods of our ancestors, emphasizing the
variety and complexity of human experiences throughout history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 3
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Cemeteries are the resting place for our loved ones after their death. As a result, they
contain a wealth of historical and cultural data. Headstones in cemeteries provide more
information about the people interred there and the more significant social and historical events
that influenced their lives. Greenwood Cemetery in New York is one of the beautiful cemeteries
known for its history and architecture.
In this paper, I am going to examine the headstones in Greenwood Cemetery and Oakwood
Cemetery in Raleigh and mention the cultural, sociological, and historical elements from them.
We can learn about the values, beliefs, and traditions of the people and communities these
headstones represent by studying the inscriptions, symbols, and other components of them. My
objective is to advance knowledge of the significance of monuments and cemeteries in forming
cultural identity and collective memory. To understand the sociological, cultural, and historical
representations of the cemeteries in this paper, I have tried to compare the headstones of the two
cemeteries.
General Review
Grave markers and headstones identify the deceased in the graveyard. A tombstone is
raised above the ground, whereas a grave marker lays flat against the floor. Historically, grave
markers and headstones were handcrafted using sandstone, slate, limestone, etc. But with the
advancement of new technology, grave markers and monuments have changed, as have the
materials used to create them. For instance, the wood used for early gravestones in colonial
America quickly deteriorated, forcing the use of slate, marble, and granite instead. In addition,
studies on grave markers and headstones have changed over time to reflect shifts in economics,
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 4
art, and beliefs. For instance, gravestones during the colonial era were plain, with little in the
way of decoration or inscriptions. In contrast, elaborate headstones with intricate designs and
symbols were typical during the Victorian period, reflecting a romanticized view of death. These
days, headstones are frequently personalized to reflect the personality and interests of the
deceased.
Headstone inscriptions, such as epitaphs or religious symbols, reflect cultural customs
and beliefs through their design, shape, and text. In addition, headstones can reveal information
about the family's financial situation and the level of artistry or craftsmanship used in their
creation. Finally, headstones can announce the deceased's sociological aspects, such as family
structure and social class. Monuments and burial spots for family members can emphasize the
value of kinship and the ties that unite them. More prosperous families could afford more
extensive, elaborate, and expensive headstones, hinting at the social standing of the deceased and
their families.
Various groups' cultural and spiritual beliefs can be reflected in headstones regarding race
and ethnicity. For instance, symbols that represent African Americans' cultural practices and
religious beliefs are frequently found on tombstones. Likewise, traditional characters are
incorporated into Native Americans' headstones to honor their cultural heritage. Moreover, to
remember the sacrifices made by soldiers in various conflicts throughout history are observed
using war memorials and military grave markers.
Additionally, the materials and designs of headstones can reflect the changes in technology and
business, as evidenced by the 19th-century increased use of machinery in manufacturing granite
headstones.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 5
In my opinion, grave markers and headstones shed essential light on our cultural heritage and
the ideals and principles that have shaped our society. I noticed that as I worked on this
assignment, my interest in the histories of the headstones and the people interred beneath them
grew more. Therefore, I intend to learn more about the monuments and grave markers by going
to more cemeteries.
Observations
For this assignment, I have chosen Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, NC, and Greenwood
Cemetery, in New York. I looked for the most notable headstones from both cemeteries and used
a comparative analysis approach to examine the cultural, sociological, and historical factors.
From Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, I have chosen the headstones described below:
Headstone 1: Charles Brantley Aycock (1859-1912)
• Charles Brantley Aycock was the governor of North Carolina from 1901-1905.
• His statue is on the grounds of the State Capitol. The headstone is a square granite with
his inscriptions.
The inscription read: "CHARLES BRANTLEY AYCOCK
GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA 1901-1905
BORN NOVEMBER 1, 1859, DIED APRIL 4, 1912
AND HIS WIFE
CORA LILY WOODARD
BORN OCTOBER 11, 1868, DIED MARCH 13, 1952
ALSO, IN LOVING MEMORY OF HIS FIRST WIFE
VARINA DAVIS WOODARD 1861-1889
WHO, WITH THEIR TWO SONS, IS BURIED IN WILSON, N. C."
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 6
• His political career, birth, death dates, and the names of his wives are all listed on the
headstone, which is a valuable source of information about his life. The plain design of
the monument reflects Aycock's humble beginnings while also indicating his status as a
significant figure in North Carolina history. He is buried alongside his two wives, which
is essential because it demonstrates the value placed on family and the significance of
remembering loved ones. The headstone's inscriptions convey the era's importance and
stress the value of civic engagement.
Headstones 2: Dr. William G. Hill 91828-1902)
• Dr. Hill was a well-known medical professional and Raleigh local.
• The headstone is a more compact granite monument with detailed carvings and
inscriptions.
• The inscription reads William G. Hill, M.D., 1828-1902, erected by the North Carolina
Medical Society."
• The North Carolina Medical Society built the monument, according to the inscription,
underscoring the significance of medicine and healthcare in the neighborhood.
• Since elaborate headstones were not yet fashionable, the gravestone's straightforward
design serves as a reminder of the era in which he lived. The monument captures the era's
ideals, such as the value of medicine and the need to remember and honor significant
local figures.
Headstones 3: Josiah William Bailey (1873-1946)
• Josiah William Bailey was a biblical recorder U.S. Senator.
• The inscription read: "JOSIAH WILLIAM BAILEY.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 7
SON OF CHRISTOPHER THOMAS BAILEY
AND ANNE SALLIE BAILEY
SEPTEMBER 14, 1873
DECEMBER 15, 1946
EDITOR OF THE BIBLICAL RECORDER
1895-1907
SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES
FROM NORTH CAROLINA
1930-1946
• A large granite monument serves as his headstone.
• The inscription acknowledges Bailey's significant contributions to politics and the U.S.
Senate, and the design of the headstone reflects the value of remembering notable
members of society. The grave marker is another reminder of the era because elaborate
and substantial grave markers were common in the 1940s.
Moving forward towards the three different headstones from Greenwood Cemetery, New
York, are explained below:
Headstone 1: Charles Ebbets (1859-1925)
• The Brooklyn Dodgers' owner, Charles Ebbets, made a significant contribution to the
growth of baseball in the U.S.
• A large granite monument bearing the inscription "CHARLES H. EBBETS 1859-1925"
is his headstone.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 8
• The monument honors notable local figures and emphasizes the value of sports in the
community. The headstone's design reflects the era because elaborate, substantial
headstones were standard in the early 20th century.
• The headstone's inscriptions capture the day's attitudes, such as the value of sports and
the need to honor and remember significant local figures.
Headstone 2: Morgan, Frank (1890-1949)
• The wizard in "The Wizard of Oz" was portrayed by American actor Frank Morgan.
• A sizable granite monument bearing the inscription "FRANK MORGAN 1890-1949" is
his headstone.
The significance of the entertainment sector and honoring important local figures are
reflected in the headstone. In addition, the style of the monument reflects the era, with elaborate
and substantial headstones.
Headstone 3: William Meager "Boss" Tweed.
• Tweed was a prominent politician in the middle of the 19th century.
• The headstone is made up of large granite and is notable for its size.
• The name William M. Tweed is written on the headstone, but it serves as a reminder of
the political corruption that characterized New York City under his rule. The political
impact of Tammany Hall, the prevalence of crime in government, and the power
dynamics of the era are some of the cultural and sociological aspects of Tweed's legacy.
Tweed's downfall and eventual imprisonment also marked a turning point in history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 9
Personal Thought
I have always heard about cemeteries but have yet to read or do any research on this
subject. Therefore, this subject has allowed me to learn about something new and different than
what I know. Born and raised Hindu, the concept of cemeteries is new to me, and I learned many
important things from this week's assignment. While going through this assignment, I read about
many headstones that reflect the deceased's history, culture, and sociocultural aspects. I also
learned that the monuments are made up of different stones, and every symbol engraved on them
signifies the person's work, culture, and history.
I would also like to share some information about our death rituals. In the place where I am
from, we barely prepare ourselves for death as we don't need to build cemeteries or anything;
instead, we burn the dead bodies near the water source to throw the ashes with the flowing water.
The family and people close to the decease need to do special death rituals for 13 days by not
eating salt and other food like onion, garlic, meat, black lentils, etc., which are considered
impure during the time of death. On the 13th day, a ceremonial offering known as "Shraddha" is
performed by the family on behalf of the departed person. After that, we must do the "Shraddha"
function every year to remember the departed soul. It is the religious and social responsibility of
the family to do so. In this way, I learned during this assignment that our cultures and rituals are
completely different. But this subject opened my eyes and made me think about the future where
I should prepare for my death. Consequently, Death is also a part of life, and we should always
prepare ourselves for a situation like this, as it is a natural and unchangeable factor of life.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 10
Appendix
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 11
References
U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). National Parks and National Cemeteries (U.S. National
Park Service). National Parks Service. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html
Appell, J. (2021, February 24). Stone identification. GravestonePreservation.info. Retrieved
March 30, 2023, from https://www.gravestonepreservation.info/articles/stone-identification
Search Burial Records. Historic Oakwood Cemetery. (2022, September 6). Retrieved March 30,
2023, from https://historicoakwoodcemetery.org/search-burial-records/
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-
william-bailey: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Josiah William Bailey (14
Sep 1873–15 Dec 1946), Find a Grave Memorial ID 8091147, citing Oakwood Cemetery,
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-
hercules-ebbets: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Charles Hercules Ebbets (29
Oct 1859–18 Apr 1925), Find a Grave Memorial ID 2401, citing Green-Wood Cemetery,
Brooklyn, Kings County (Brooklyn), New York, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Homes, W.-P. F. of F. (2022, August 22). Pressly family of funeral homes: What is the difference
between a grave marker and a headstone? Wheelan. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.wheelanpressly.com/blog-posts/8661/what-is-the-difference-between-a-grave-
marker-and-a-headstone.
[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html](https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 12
Home. Clarion County PAGenWeb. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://clarioncounty.info/news-menu/blog/354-burial-customs-and-cemeteries-in-
american-history#s5_scrolltotop
**## Examplepaper-Cemeteries.pdf**
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 1
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Sheekha Chhetri
Amberton University
PSY3735.E1
Dr. Aimee Herring
03/30/2023
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 2
Abstract
This paper compares the headstones of two different cemeteries researched online to understand
the cultural, sociological, and historical factors represented by them. The study examines the
customs and values, religion, economics, art, families, class division and inequalities, epidemics,
war, and other elements represented by the headstones. The observation and research
demonstrate how the monuments offer a window into the past and aid in comprehending the
lives and deaths of our ancestors and beloved ones. Furthermore, the findings show that the
headstones provide valuable information about the livelihoods of our ancestors, emphasizing the
variety and complexity of human experiences throughout history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 3
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Cemeteries are the resting place for our loved ones after their death. As a result, they
contain a wealth of historical and cultural data. Headstones in cemeteries provide more
information about the people interred there and the more significant social and historical events
that influenced their lives. Greenwood Cemetery in New York is one of the beautiful cemeteries
known for its history and architecture.
In this paper, I am going to examine the headstones in Greenwood Cemetery and Oakwood
Cemetery in Raleigh and mention the cultural, sociological, and historical elements from them.
We can learn about the values, beliefs, and traditions of the people and communities these
headstones represent by studying the inscriptions, symbols, and other components of them. My
objective is to advance knowledge of the significance of monuments and cemeteries in forming
cultural identity and collective memory. To understand the sociological, cultural, and historical
representations of the cemeteries in this paper, I have tried to compare the headstones of the two
cemeteries.
General Review
Grave markers and headstones identify the deceased in the graveyard. A tombstone is
raised above the ground, whereas a grave marker lays flat against the floor. Historically, grave
markers and headstones were handcrafted using sandstone, slate, limestone, etc. But with the
advancement of new technology, grave markers and monuments have changed, as have the
materials used to create them. For instance, the wood used for early gravestones in colonial
America quickly deteriorated, forcing the use of slate, marble, and granite instead. In addition,
studies on grave markers and headstones have changed over time to reflect shifts in economics,
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 4
art, and beliefs. For instance, gravestones during the colonial era were plain, with little in the
way of decoration or inscriptions. In contrast, elaborate headstones with intricate designs and
symbols were typical during the Victorian period, reflecting a romanticized view of death. These
days, headstones are frequently personalized to reflect the personality and interests of the
deceased.
Headstone inscriptions, such as epitaphs or religious symbols, reflect cultural customs
and beliefs through their design, shape, and text. In addition, headstones can reveal information
about the family's financial situation and the level of artistry or craftsmanship used in their
creation. Finally, headstones can announce the deceased's sociological aspects, such as family
structure and social class. Monuments and burial spots for family members can emphasize the
value of kinship and the ties that unite them. More prosperous families could afford more
extensive, elaborate, and expensive headstones, hinting at the social standing of the deceased and
their families.
Various groups' cultural and spiritual beliefs can be reflected in headstones regarding race
and ethnicity. For instance, symbols that represent African Americans' cultural practices and
religious beliefs are frequently found on tombstones. Likewise, traditional characters are
incorporated into Native Americans' headstones to honor their cultural heritage. Moreover, to
remember the sacrifices made by soldiers in various conflicts throughout history are observed
using war memorials and military grave markers.
Additionally, the materials and designs of headstones can reflect the changes in technology and
business, as evidenced by the 19th-century increased use of machinery in manufacturing granite
headstones.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 5
In my opinion, grave markers and headstones shed essential light on our cultural heritage and
the ideals and principles that have shaped our society. I noticed that as I worked on this
assignment, my interest in the histories of the headstones and the people interred beneath them
grew more. Therefore, I intend to learn more about the monuments and grave markers by going
to more cemeteries.
Observations
For this assignment, I have chosen Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, NC, and Greenwood
Cemetery, in New York. I looked for the most notable headstones from both cemeteries and used
a comparative analysis approach to examine the cultural, sociological, and historical factors.
From Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, I have chosen the headstones described below:
Headstone 1: Charles Brantley Aycock (1859-1912)
• Charles Brantley Aycock was the governor of North Carolina from 1901-1905.
• His statue is on the grounds of the State Capitol. The headstone is a square granite with
his inscriptions.
The inscription read: "CHARLES BRANTLEY AYCOCK
GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA 1901-1905
BORN NOVEMBER 1, 1859, DIED APRIL 4, 1912
AND HIS WIFE
CORA LILY WOODARD
BORN OCTOBER 11, 1868, DIED MARCH 13, 1952
ALSO, IN LOVING MEMORY OF HIS FIRST WIFE
VARINA DAVIS WOODARD 1861-1889
WHO, WITH THEIR TWO SONS, IS BURIED IN WILSON, N. C."
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 6
• His political career, birth, death dates, and the names of his wives are all listed on the
headstone, which is a valuable source of information about his life. The plain design of
the monument reflects Aycock's humble beginnings while also indicating his status as a
significant figure in North Carolina history. He is buried alongside his two wives, which
is essential because it demonstrates the value placed on family and the significance of
remembering loved ones. The headstone's inscriptions convey the era's importance and
stress the value of civic engagement.
Headstones 2: Dr. William G. Hill 91828-1902)
• Dr. Hill was a well-known medical professional and Raleigh local.
• The headstone is a more compact granite monument with detailed carvings and
inscriptions.
• The inscription reads William G. Hill, M.D., 1828-1902, erected by the North Carolina
Medical Society."
• The North Carolina Medical Society built the monument, according to the inscription,
underscoring the significance of medicine and healthcare in the neighborhood.
• Since elaborate headstones were not yet fashionable, the gravestone's straightforward
design serves as a reminder of the era in which he lived. The monument captures the era's
ideals, such as the value of medicine and the need to remember and honor significant
local figures.
Headstones 3: Josiah William Bailey (1873-1946)
• Josiah William Bailey was a biblical recorder U.S. Senator.
• The inscription read: "JOSIAH WILLIAM BAILEY.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 7
SON OF CHRISTOPHER THOMAS BAILEY
AND ANNE SALLIE BAILEY
SEPTEMBER 14, 1873
DECEMBER 15, 1946
EDITOR OF THE BIBLICAL RECORDER
1895-1907
SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES
FROM NORTH CAROLINA
1930-1946
• A large granite monument serves as his headstone.
• The inscription acknowledges Bailey's significant contributions to politics and the U.S.
Senate, and the design of the headstone reflects the value of remembering notable
members of society. The grave marker is another reminder of the era because elaborate
and substantial grave markers were common in the 1940s.
Moving forward towards the three different headstones from Greenwood Cemetery, New
York, are explained below:
Headstone 1: Charles Ebbets (1859-1925)
• The Brooklyn Dodgers' owner, Charles Ebbets, made a significant contribution to the
growth of baseball in the U.S.
• A large granite monument bearing the inscription "CHARLES H. EBBETS 1859-1925"
is his headstone.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 8
• The monument honors notable local figures and emphasizes the value of sports in the
community. The headstone's design reflects the era because elaborate, substantial
headstones were standard in the early 20th century.
• The headstone's inscriptions capture the day's attitudes, such as the value of sports and
the need to honor and remember significant local figures.
Headstone 2: Morgan, Frank (1890-1949)
• The wizard in "The Wizard of Oz" was portrayed by American actor Frank Morgan.
• A sizable granite monument bearing the inscription "FRANK MORGAN 1890-1949" is
his headstone.
The significance of the entertainment sector and honoring important local figures are
reflected in the headstone. In addition, the style of the monument reflects the era, with elaborate
and substantial headstones.
Headstone 3: William Meager "Boss" Tweed.
• Tweed was a prominent politician in the middle of the 19th century.
• The headstone is made up of large granite and is notable for its size.
• The name William M. Tweed is written on the headstone, but it serves as a reminder of
the political corruption that characterized New York City under his rule. The political
impact of Tammany Hall, the prevalence of crime in government, and the power
dynamics of the era are some of the cultural and sociological aspects of Tweed's legacy.
Tweed's downfall and eventual imprisonment also marked a turning point in history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 9
Personal Thought
I have always heard about cemeteries but have yet to read or do any research on this
subject. Therefore, this subject has allowed me to learn about something new and different than
what I know. Born and raised Hindu, the concept of cemeteries is new to me, and I learned many
important things from this week's assignment. While going through this assignment, I read about
many headstones that reflect the deceased's history, culture, and sociocultural aspects. I also
learned that the monuments are made up of different stones, and every symbol engraved on them
signifies the person's work, culture, and history.
I would also like to share some information about our death rituals. In the place where I am
from, we barely prepare ourselves for death as we don't need to build cemeteries or anything;
instead, we burn the dead bodies near the water source to throw the ashes with the flowing water.
The family and people close to the decease need to do special death rituals for 13 days by not
eating salt and other food like onion, garlic, meat, black lentils, etc., which are considered
impure during the time of death. On the 13th day, a ceremonial offering known as "Shraddha" is
performed by the family on behalf of the departed person. After that, we must do the "Shraddha"
function every year to remember the departed soul. It is the religious and social responsibility of
the family to do so. In this way, I learned during this assignment that our cultures and rituals are
completely different. But this subject opened my eyes and made me think about the future where
I should prepare for my death. Consequently, Death is also a part of life, and we should always
prepare ourselves for a situation like this, as it is a natural and unchangeable factor of life.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 10
Appendix
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 11
References
U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). National Parks and National Cemeteries (U.S. National
Park Service). National Parks Service. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html
Appell, J. (2021, February 24). Stone identification. GravestonePreservation.info. Retrieved
March 30, 2023, from https://www.gravestonepreservation.info/articles/stone-identification
Search Burial Records. Historic Oakwood Cemetery. (2022, September 6). Retrieved March 30,
2023, from https://historicoakwoodcemetery.org/search-burial-records/
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-
william-bailey: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Josiah William Bailey (14
Sep 1873–15 Dec 1946), Find a Grave Memorial ID 8091147, citing Oakwood Cemetery,
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-
hercules-ebbets: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Charles Hercules Ebbets (29
Oct 1859–18 Apr 1925), Find a Grave Memorial ID 2401, citing Green-Wood Cemetery,
Brooklyn, Kings County (Brooklyn), New York, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Homes, W.-P. F. of F. (2022, August 22). Pressly family of funeral homes: What is the difference
between a grave marker and a headstone? Wheelan. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.wheelanpressly.com/blog-posts/8661/what-is-the-difference-between-a-grave-
marker-and-a-headstone.
[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html](https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 12
Home. Clarion County PAGenWeb. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://clarioncounty.info/news-menu/blog/354-burial-customs-and-cemeteries-in-
american-history#s5_scrolltotop
**## ddd.docx**
Cemeteries are full of history. Have you ever taken a stroll through a cemetery? If you have, you would see the headstones all tell a story. They may or may not offer us a name, a birthdate, a death date, an inscription, something indicating their career, and even relationships. For instance, during different time frames, you might see the wife of Dr. Frank Smith, in place of a person’s name. You might notice patterns in the timing of deaths of children and parents. Was there a flu epidemic? Did a mother die giving birth? Did a young man die in war? Why do some people have large monuments, while others may have crumbling gravestones? Are the monuments and crumbling gravestones located next to each other? If there are any dates on the headstones, you can look up the history of grave markers and the materials they were made from.
**Objective:**
Be able to integrate research and information from headstones in two different cemeteries by comparing and contrasting them to have a better understanding of the cultural factors, sociological factors, and historical events represented in the cemeteries visited.
**Assignment Requirements:**
This is a research paper. Research should come from current professional sources (journal articles, books, websites, etc.).
**Only resources that have been cited should be in your reference section**. You will have
**at least 6** resources.
Your assignment should contain the following information to obtain full credit:
1. A title page (APA format) on a
**separate page**
2. A short abstract of your paper (
**Separate page following the title page**).
3. A general review of your research about grave markers/headstones
**AND** the cemeteries you will visit (
**before your observations**). You will present a short history of grave markers/headstones in general. Next, you will provide a brief history of the cemeteries you chose to visit.
**The history of the grave markers and the history of the cemeteries should be in separate paragraphs**.
4. Integration of your observations of the headstones and research that adequately addresses all of the following areas:
**· Cultural Factors (i.e., Identify traditions and beliefs, religion, economics, and art as it pertains to headstones)**
**· Sociological Factors (i.e., Identify families, Class conflicts/inequalities, race/ethnicity, spiritual beliefs)**
**· Historical Events (i.e., Identify epidemics of disease/illnesses, wars, technological/industrial advances of the time of the deceased)**
First, you
**should identify the grave markers/headstones you chose in the two cemeteries in the above history**. (
**Only show pictures and talk about the ones** studying for your assignment. You will want to use at
**least 8 markers, 4 in each cemetery, or 3 sets of family markers**.
**Place pictures of the headmarkers in the Appendix**. This summary should
**communicate you can integrate information to show you understand the cultural, sociological, and historical events represented by the headstones in the 2 cemeteries visited**.
**Specific examples of the cultural and sociological factors and historical events must be easily identified**. (See the example of this assignment in the General Section of this course page).
5. The final paragraph contains your thoughts and feelings as you were working through this assignment and after you completed it (
**this does not have research** as this is how you felt or what you thought as you worked through this assignment and at completion
**. It isn’t a summary of your information**). After examining your thoughts and feelings is there
**anything you plan to do differently as a result of this assignment**?
6. A reference section (
**Belongs on a separate sheet**. The first line of each reference is
**flush with the left margin and the second and third lines are indented**. See APA format.) Only resources that have been cited are placed in the reference section.
7. An
**appendix showing ALL pictures of the headstones/cemeteries required** for this assignment.
8. Written in APA style. Use
**New Times Roman, 12-point font, and double-space**.
**2600-word** **limit or less**.
9. Meet the requirements of the
[**Scoring Rubric**](http://moodle.amberton.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=132604) found in the General Section.
See the
[**Scoring Rubric**](http://aumoodle2.amberton.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=44125) for further information about grading. Be sure to
**hit the submit button** when submitting, otherwise, it will stay in draft form and show up late. Please check that you
**saved your paper with the correct file format**.
10. Submit Assignment: Cemeteries: A Cultural, Sociological, and Historical Lesson on
**Friday October 3 by 11:55 p.m. CST.**
**## Examplepaper-Cemeteries.pdf**
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 1
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Sheekha Chhetri
Amberton University
PSY3735.E1
Dr. Aimee Herring
03/30/2023
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 2
Abstract
This paper compares the headstones of two different cemeteries researched online to understand
the cultural, sociological, and historical factors represented by them. The study examines the
customs and values, religion, economics, art, families, class division and inequalities, epidemics,
war, and other elements represented by the headstones. The observation and research
demonstrate how the monuments offer a window into the past and aid in comprehending the
lives and deaths of our ancestors and beloved ones. Furthermore, the findings show that the
headstones provide valuable information about the livelihoods of our ancestors, emphasizing the
variety and complexity of human experiences throughout history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 3
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Cemeteries are the resting place for our loved ones after their death. As a result, they
contain a wealth of historical and cultural data. Headstones in cemeteries provide more
information about the people interred there and the more significant social and historical events
that influenced their lives. Greenwood Cemetery in New York is one of the beautiful cemeteries
known for its history and architecture.
In this paper, I am going to examine the headstones in Greenwood Cemetery and Oakwood
Cemetery in Raleigh and mention the cultural, sociological, and historical elements from them.
We can learn about the values, beliefs, and traditions of the people and communities these
headstones represent by studying the inscriptions, symbols, and other components of them. My
objective is to advance knowledge of the significance of monuments and cemeteries in forming
cultural identity and collective memory. To understand the sociological, cultural, and historical
representations of the cemeteries in this paper, I have tried to compare the headstones of the two
cemeteries.
General Review
Grave markers and headstones identify the deceased in the graveyard. A tombstone is
raised above the ground, whereas a grave marker lays flat against the floor. Historically, grave
markers and headstones were handcrafted using sandstone, slate, limestone, etc. But with the
advancement of new technology, grave markers and monuments have changed, as have the
materials used to create them. For instance, the wood used for early gravestones in colonial
America quickly deteriorated, forcing the use of slate, marble, and granite instead. In addition,
studies on grave markers and headstones have changed over time to reflect shifts in economics,
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 4
art, and beliefs. For instance, gravestones during the colonial era were plain, with little in the
way of decoration or inscriptions. In contrast, elaborate headstones with intricate designs and
symbols were typical during the Victorian period, reflecting a romanticized view of death. These
days, headstones are frequently personalized to reflect the personality and interests of the
deceased.
Headstone inscriptions, such as epitaphs or religious symbols, reflect cultural customs
and beliefs through their design, shape, and text. In addition, headstones can reveal information
about the family's financial situation and the level of artistry or craftsmanship used in their
creation. Finally, headstones can announce the deceased's sociological aspects, such as family
structure and social class. Monuments and burial spots for family members can emphasize the
value of kinship and the ties that unite them. More prosperous families could afford more
extensive, elaborate, and expensive headstones, hinting at the social standing of the deceased and
their families.
Various groups' cultural and spiritual beliefs can be reflected in headstones regarding race
and ethnicity. For instance, symbols that represent African Americans' cultural practices and
religious beliefs are frequently found on tombstones. Likewise, traditional characters are
incorporated into Native Americans' headstones to honor their cultural heritage. Moreover, to
remember the sacrifices made by soldiers in various conflicts throughout history are observed
using war memorials and military grave markers.
Additionally, the materials and designs of headstones can reflect the changes in technology and
business, as evidenced by the 19th-century increased use of machinery in manufacturing granite
headstones.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 5
In my opinion, grave markers and headstones shed essential light on our cultural heritage and
the ideals and principles that have shaped our society. I noticed that as I worked on this
assignment, my interest in the histories of the headstones and the people interred beneath them
grew more. Therefore, I intend to learn more about the monuments and grave markers by going
to more cemeteries.
Observations
For this assignment, I have chosen Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, NC, and Greenwood
Cemetery, in New York. I looked for the most notable headstones from both cemeteries and used
a comparative analysis approach to examine the cultural, sociological, and historical factors.
From Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, I have chosen the headstones described below:
Headstone 1: Charles Brantley Aycock (1859-1912)
• Charles Brantley Aycock was the governor of North Carolina from 1901-1905.
• His statue is on the grounds of the State Capitol. The headstone is a square granite with
his inscriptions.
The inscription read: "CHARLES BRANTLEY AYCOCK
GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA 1901-1905
BORN NOVEMBER 1, 1859, DIED APRIL 4, 1912
AND HIS WIFE
CORA LILY WOODARD
BORN OCTOBER 11, 1868, DIED MARCH 13, 1952
ALSO, IN LOVING MEMORY OF HIS FIRST WIFE
VARINA DAVIS WOODARD 1861-1889
WHO, WITH THEIR TWO SONS, IS BURIED IN WILSON, N. C."
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 6
• His political career, birth, death dates, and the names of his wives are all listed on the
headstone, which is a valuable source of information about his life. The plain design of
the monument reflects Aycock's humble beginnings while also indicating his status as a
significant figure in North Carolina history. He is buried alongside his two wives, which
is essential because it demonstrates the value placed on family and the significance of
remembering loved ones. The headstone's inscriptions convey the era's importance and
stress the value of civic engagement.
Headstones 2: Dr. William G. Hill 91828-1902)
• Dr. Hill was a well-known medical professional and Raleigh local.
• The headstone is a more compact granite monument with detailed carvings and
inscriptions.
• The inscription reads William G. Hill, M.D., 1828-1902, erected by the North Carolina
Medical Society."
• The North Carolina Medical Society built the monument, according to the inscription,
underscoring the significance of medicine and healthcare in the neighborhood.
• Since elaborate headstones were not yet fashionable, the gravestone's straightforward
design serves as a reminder of the era in which he lived. The monument captures the era's
ideals, such as the value of medicine and the need to remember and honor significant
local figures.
Headstones 3: Josiah William Bailey (1873-1946)
• Josiah William Bailey was a biblical recorder U.S. Senator.
• The inscription read: "JOSIAH WILLIAM BAILEY.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 7
SON OF CHRISTOPHER THOMAS BAILEY
AND ANNE SALLIE BAILEY
SEPTEMBER 14, 1873
DECEMBER 15, 1946
EDITOR OF THE BIBLICAL RECORDER
1895-1907
SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES
FROM NORTH CAROLINA
1930-1946
• A large granite monument serves as his headstone.
• The inscription acknowledges Bailey's significant contributions to politics and the U.S.
Senate, and the design of the headstone reflects the value of remembering notable
members of society. The grave marker is another reminder of the era because elaborate
and substantial grave markers were common in the 1940s.
Moving forward towards the three different headstones from Greenwood Cemetery, New
York, are explained below:
Headstone 1: Charles Ebbets (1859-1925)
• The Brooklyn Dodgers' owner, Charles Ebbets, made a significant contribution to the
growth of baseball in the U.S.
• A large granite monument bearing the inscription "CHARLES H. EBBETS 1859-1925"
is his headstone.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 8
• The monument honors notable local figures and emphasizes the value of sports in the
community. The headstone's design reflects the era because elaborate, substantial
headstones were standard in the early 20th century.
• The headstone's inscriptions capture the day's attitudes, such as the value of sports and
the need to honor and remember significant local figures.
Headstone 2: Morgan, Frank (1890-1949)
• The wizard in "The Wizard of Oz" was portrayed by American actor Frank Morgan.
• A sizable granite monument bearing the inscription "FRANK MORGAN 1890-1949" is
his headstone.
The significance of the entertainment sector and honoring important local figures are
reflected in the headstone. In addition, the style of the monument reflects the era, with elaborate
and substantial headstones.
Headstone 3: William Meager "Boss" Tweed.
• Tweed was a prominent politician in the middle of the 19th century.
• The headstone is made up of large granite and is notable for its size.
• The name William M. Tweed is written on the headstone, but it serves as a reminder of
the political corruption that characterized New York City under his rule. The political
impact of Tammany Hall, the prevalence of crime in government, and the power
dynamics of the era are some of the cultural and sociological aspects of Tweed's legacy.
Tweed's downfall and eventual imprisonment also marked a turning point in history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 9
Personal Thought
I have always heard about cemeteries but have yet to read or do any research on this
subject. Therefore, this subject has allowed me to learn about something new and different than
what I know. Born and raised Hindu, the concept of cemeteries is new to me, and I learned many
important things from this week's assignment. While going through this assignment, I read about
many headstones that reflect the deceased's history, culture, and sociocultural aspects. I also
learned that the monuments are made up of different stones, and every symbol engraved on them
signifies the person's work, culture, and history.
I would also like to share some information about our death rituals. In the place where I am
from, we barely prepare ourselves for death as we don't need to build cemeteries or anything;
instead, we burn the dead bodies near the water source to throw the ashes with the flowing water.
The family and people close to the decease need to do special death rituals for 13 days by not
eating salt and other food like onion, garlic, meat, black lentils, etc., which are considered
impure during the time of death. On the 13th day, a ceremonial offering known as "Shraddha" is
performed by the family on behalf of the departed person. After that, we must do the "Shraddha"
function every year to remember the departed soul. It is the religious and social responsibility of
the family to do so. In this way, I learned during this assignment that our cultures and rituals are
completely different. But this subject opened my eyes and made me think about the future where
I should prepare for my death. Consequently, Death is also a part of life, and we should always
prepare ourselves for a situation like this, as it is a natural and unchangeable factor of life.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 10
Appendix
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 11
References
U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). National Parks and National Cemeteries (U.S. National
Park Service). National Parks Service. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html
Appell, J. (2021, February 24). Stone identification. GravestonePreservation.info. Retrieved
March 30, 2023, from https://www.gravestonepreservation.info/articles/stone-identification
Search Burial Records. Historic Oakwood Cemetery. (2022, September 6). Retrieved March 30,
2023, from https://historicoakwoodcemetery.org/search-burial-records/
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-
william-bailey: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Josiah William Bailey (14
Sep 1873–15 Dec 1946), Find a Grave Memorial ID 8091147, citing Oakwood Cemetery,
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-
hercules-ebbets: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Charles Hercules Ebbets (29
Oct 1859–18 Apr 1925), Find a Grave Memorial ID 2401, citing Green-Wood Cemetery,
Brooklyn, Kings County (Brooklyn), New York, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Homes, W.-P. F. of F. (2022, August 22). Pressly family of funeral homes: What is the difference
between a grave marker and a headstone? Wheelan. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.wheelanpressly.com/blog-posts/8661/what-is-the-difference-between-a-grave-
marker-and-a-headstone.
[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html](https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 12
Home. Clarion County PAGenWeb. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://clarioncounty.info/news-menu/blog/354-burial-customs-and-cemeteries-in-
american-history#s5_scrolltotop
**## ddd.docx**
Cemeteries are full of history. Have you ever taken a stroll through a cemetery? If you have, you would see the headstones all tell a story. They may or may not offer us a name, a birthdate, a death date, an inscription, something indicating their career, and even relationships. For instance, during different time frames, you might see the wife of Dr. Frank Smith, in place of a person’s name. You might notice patterns in the timing of deaths of children and parents. Was there a flu epidemic? Did a mother die giving birth? Did a young man die in war? Why do some people have large monuments, while others may have crumbling gravestones? Are the monuments and crumbling gravestones located next to each other? If there are any dates on the headstones, you can look up the history of grave markers and the materials they were made from.
**Objective:**
Be able to integrate research and information from headstones in two different cemeteries by comparing and contrasting them to have a better understanding of the cultural factors, sociological factors, and historical events represented in the cemeteries visited.
**Assignment Requirements:**
This is a research paper. Research should come from current professional sources (journal articles, books, websites, etc.).
**Only resources that have been cited should be in your reference section**. You will have
**at least 6** resources.
Your assignment should contain the following information to obtain full credit:
1. A title page (APA format) on a
**separate page**
2. A short abstract of your paper (
**Separate page following the title page**).
3. A general review of your research about grave markers/headstones
**AND** the cemeteries you will visit (
**before your observations**). You will present a short history of grave markers/headstones in general. Next, you will provide a brief history of the cemeteries you chose to visit.
**The history of the grave markers and the history of the cemeteries should be in separate paragraphs**.
4. Integration of your observations of the headstones and research that adequately addresses all of the following areas:
**· Cultural Factors (i.e., Identify traditions and beliefs, religion, economics, and art as it pertains to headstones)**
**· Sociological Factors (i.e., Identify families, Class conflicts/inequalities, race/ethnicity, spiritual beliefs)**
**· Historical Events (i.e., Identify epidemics of disease/illnesses, wars, technological/industrial advances of the time of the deceased)**
First, you
**should identify the grave markers/headstones you chose in the two cemeteries in the above history**. (
**Only show pictures and talk about the ones** studying for your assignment. You will want to use at
**least 8 markers, 4 in each cemetery, or 3 sets of family markers**.
**Place pictures of the headmarkers in the Appendix**. This summary should
**communicate you can integrate information to show you understand the cultural, sociological, and historical events represented by the headstones in the 2 cemeteries visited**.
**Specific examples of the cultural and sociological factors and historical events must be easily identified**. (See the example of this assignment in the General Section of this course page).
5. The final paragraph contains your thoughts and feelings as you were working through this assignment and after you completed it (
**this does not have research** as this is how you felt or what you thought as you worked through this assignment and at completion
**. It isn’t a summary of your information**). After examining your thoughts and feelings is there
**anything you plan to do differently as a result of this assignment**?
6. A reference section (
**Belongs on a separate sheet**. The first line of each reference is
**flush with the left margin and the second and third lines are indented**. See APA format.) Only resources that have been cited are placed in the reference section.
7. An
**appendix showing ALL pictures of the headstones/cemeteries required** for this assignment.
8. Written in APA style. Use
**New Times Roman, 12-point font, and double-space**.
**2600-word** **limit or less**.
9. Meet the requirements of the
[**Scoring Rubric**](http://moodle.amberton.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=132604) found in the General Section.
See the
[**Scoring Rubric**](http://aumoodle2.amberton.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=44125) for further information about grading. Be sure to
**hit the submit button** when submitting, otherwise, it will stay in draft form and show up late. Please check that you
**saved your paper with the correct file format**.
10. Submit Assignment: Cemeteries: A Cultural, Sociological, and Historical Lesson on
**Friday October 3 by 11:55 p.m. CST.**
**## Examplepaper-Cemeteries.pdf**
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 1
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Sheekha Chhetri
Amberton University
PSY3735.E1
Dr. Aimee Herring
03/30/2023
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 2
Abstract
This paper compares the headstones of two different cemeteries researched online to understand
the cultural, sociological, and historical factors represented by them. The study examines the
customs and values, religion, economics, art, families, class division and inequalities, epidemics,
war, and other elements represented by the headstones. The observation and research
demonstrate how the monuments offer a window into the past and aid in comprehending the
lives and deaths of our ancestors and beloved ones. Furthermore, the findings show that the
headstones provide valuable information about the livelihoods of our ancestors, emphasizing the
variety and complexity of human experiences throughout history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 3
A Comparison of Headstones in Two Different Cemeteries: Understanding Cultural,
Sociological, and Historical Factors
Cemeteries are the resting place for our loved ones after their death. As a result, they
contain a wealth of historical and cultural data. Headstones in cemeteries provide more
information about the people interred there and the more significant social and historical events
that influenced their lives. Greenwood Cemetery in New York is one of the beautiful cemeteries
known for its history and architecture.
In this paper, I am going to examine the headstones in Greenwood Cemetery and Oakwood
Cemetery in Raleigh and mention the cultural, sociological, and historical elements from them.
We can learn about the values, beliefs, and traditions of the people and communities these
headstones represent by studying the inscriptions, symbols, and other components of them. My
objective is to advance knowledge of the significance of monuments and cemeteries in forming
cultural identity and collective memory. To understand the sociological, cultural, and historical
representations of the cemeteries in this paper, I have tried to compare the headstones of the two
cemeteries.
General Review
Grave markers and headstones identify the deceased in the graveyard. A tombstone is
raised above the ground, whereas a grave marker lays flat against the floor. Historically, grave
markers and headstones were handcrafted using sandstone, slate, limestone, etc. But with the
advancement of new technology, grave markers and monuments have changed, as have the
materials used to create them. For instance, the wood used for early gravestones in colonial
America quickly deteriorated, forcing the use of slate, marble, and granite instead. In addition,
studies on grave markers and headstones have changed over time to reflect shifts in economics,
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 4
art, and beliefs. For instance, gravestones during the colonial era were plain, with little in the
way of decoration or inscriptions. In contrast, elaborate headstones with intricate designs and
symbols were typical during the Victorian period, reflecting a romanticized view of death. These
days, headstones are frequently personalized to reflect the personality and interests of the
deceased.
Headstone inscriptions, such as epitaphs or religious symbols, reflect cultural customs
and beliefs through their design, shape, and text. In addition, headstones can reveal information
about the family's financial situation and the level of artistry or craftsmanship used in their
creation. Finally, headstones can announce the deceased's sociological aspects, such as family
structure and social class. Monuments and burial spots for family members can emphasize the
value of kinship and the ties that unite them. More prosperous families could afford more
extensive, elaborate, and expensive headstones, hinting at the social standing of the deceased and
their families.
Various groups' cultural and spiritual beliefs can be reflected in headstones regarding race
and ethnicity. For instance, symbols that represent African Americans' cultural practices and
religious beliefs are frequently found on tombstones. Likewise, traditional characters are
incorporated into Native Americans' headstones to honor their cultural heritage. Moreover, to
remember the sacrifices made by soldiers in various conflicts throughout history are observed
using war memorials and military grave markers.
Additionally, the materials and designs of headstones can reflect the changes in technology and
business, as evidenced by the 19th-century increased use of machinery in manufacturing granite
headstones.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 5
In my opinion, grave markers and headstones shed essential light on our cultural heritage and
the ideals and principles that have shaped our society. I noticed that as I worked on this
assignment, my interest in the histories of the headstones and the people interred beneath them
grew more. Therefore, I intend to learn more about the monuments and grave markers by going
to more cemeteries.
Observations
For this assignment, I have chosen Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, NC, and Greenwood
Cemetery, in New York. I looked for the most notable headstones from both cemeteries and used
a comparative analysis approach to examine the cultural, sociological, and historical factors.
From Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, I have chosen the headstones described below:
Headstone 1: Charles Brantley Aycock (1859-1912)
• Charles Brantley Aycock was the governor of North Carolina from 1901-1905.
• His statue is on the grounds of the State Capitol. The headstone is a square granite with
his inscriptions.
The inscription read: "CHARLES BRANTLEY AYCOCK
GOVERNOR OF NORTH CAROLINA 1901-1905
BORN NOVEMBER 1, 1859, DIED APRIL 4, 1912
AND HIS WIFE
CORA LILY WOODARD
BORN OCTOBER 11, 1868, DIED MARCH 13, 1952
ALSO, IN LOVING MEMORY OF HIS FIRST WIFE
VARINA DAVIS WOODARD 1861-1889
WHO, WITH THEIR TWO SONS, IS BURIED IN WILSON, N. C."
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 6
• His political career, birth, death dates, and the names of his wives are all listed on the
headstone, which is a valuable source of information about his life. The plain design of
the monument reflects Aycock's humble beginnings while also indicating his status as a
significant figure in North Carolina history. He is buried alongside his two wives, which
is essential because it demonstrates the value placed on family and the significance of
remembering loved ones. The headstone's inscriptions convey the era's importance and
stress the value of civic engagement.
Headstones 2: Dr. William G. Hill 91828-1902)
• Dr. Hill was a well-known medical professional and Raleigh local.
• The headstone is a more compact granite monument with detailed carvings and
inscriptions.
• The inscription reads William G. Hill, M.D., 1828-1902, erected by the North Carolina
Medical Society."
• The North Carolina Medical Society built the monument, according to the inscription,
underscoring the significance of medicine and healthcare in the neighborhood.
• Since elaborate headstones were not yet fashionable, the gravestone's straightforward
design serves as a reminder of the era in which he lived. The monument captures the era's
ideals, such as the value of medicine and the need to remember and honor significant
local figures.
Headstones 3: Josiah William Bailey (1873-1946)
• Josiah William Bailey was a biblical recorder U.S. Senator.
• The inscription read: "JOSIAH WILLIAM BAILEY.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 7
SON OF CHRISTOPHER THOMAS BAILEY
AND ANNE SALLIE BAILEY
SEPTEMBER 14, 1873
DECEMBER 15, 1946
EDITOR OF THE BIBLICAL RECORDER
1895-1907
SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES
FROM NORTH CAROLINA
1930-1946
• A large granite monument serves as his headstone.
• The inscription acknowledges Bailey's significant contributions to politics and the U.S.
Senate, and the design of the headstone reflects the value of remembering notable
members of society. The grave marker is another reminder of the era because elaborate
and substantial grave markers were common in the 1940s.
Moving forward towards the three different headstones from Greenwood Cemetery, New
York, are explained below:
Headstone 1: Charles Ebbets (1859-1925)
• The Brooklyn Dodgers' owner, Charles Ebbets, made a significant contribution to the
growth of baseball in the U.S.
• A large granite monument bearing the inscription "CHARLES H. EBBETS 1859-1925"
is his headstone.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 8
• The monument honors notable local figures and emphasizes the value of sports in the
community. The headstone's design reflects the era because elaborate, substantial
headstones were standard in the early 20th century.
• The headstone's inscriptions capture the day's attitudes, such as the value of sports and
the need to honor and remember significant local figures.
Headstone 2: Morgan, Frank (1890-1949)
• The wizard in "The Wizard of Oz" was portrayed by American actor Frank Morgan.
• A sizable granite monument bearing the inscription "FRANK MORGAN 1890-1949" is
his headstone.
The significance of the entertainment sector and honoring important local figures are
reflected in the headstone. In addition, the style of the monument reflects the era, with elaborate
and substantial headstones.
Headstone 3: William Meager "Boss" Tweed.
• Tweed was a prominent politician in the middle of the 19th century.
• The headstone is made up of large granite and is notable for its size.
• The name William M. Tweed is written on the headstone, but it serves as a reminder of
the political corruption that characterized New York City under his rule. The political
impact of Tammany Hall, the prevalence of crime in government, and the power
dynamics of the era are some of the cultural and sociological aspects of Tweed's legacy.
Tweed's downfall and eventual imprisonment also marked a turning point in history.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 9
Personal Thought
I have always heard about cemeteries but have yet to read or do any research on this
subject. Therefore, this subject has allowed me to learn about something new and different than
what I know. Born and raised Hindu, the concept of cemeteries is new to me, and I learned many
important things from this week's assignment. While going through this assignment, I read about
many headstones that reflect the deceased's history, culture, and sociocultural aspects. I also
learned that the monuments are made up of different stones, and every symbol engraved on them
signifies the person's work, culture, and history.
I would also like to share some information about our death rituals. In the place where I am
from, we barely prepare ourselves for death as we don't need to build cemeteries or anything;
instead, we burn the dead bodies near the water source to throw the ashes with the flowing water.
The family and people close to the decease need to do special death rituals for 13 days by not
eating salt and other food like onion, garlic, meat, black lentils, etc., which are considered
impure during the time of death. On the 13th day, a ceremonial offering known as "Shraddha" is
performed by the family on behalf of the departed person. After that, we must do the "Shraddha"
function every year to remember the departed soul. It is the religious and social responsibility of
the family to do so. In this way, I learned during this assignment that our cultures and rituals are
completely different. But this subject opened my eyes and made me think about the future where
I should prepare for my death. Consequently, Death is also a part of life, and we should always
prepare ourselves for a situation like this, as it is a natural and unchangeable factor of life.
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 10
Appendix
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 11
References
U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). National Parks and National Cemeteries (U.S. National
Park Service). National Parks Service. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html
Appell, J. (2021, February 24). Stone identification. GravestonePreservation.info. Retrieved
March 30, 2023, from https://www.gravestonepreservation.info/articles/stone-identification
Search Burial Records. Historic Oakwood Cemetery. (2022, September 6). Retrieved March 30,
2023, from https://historicoakwoodcemetery.org/search-burial-records/
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-
william-bailey: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Josiah William Bailey (14
Sep 1873–15 Dec 1946), Find a Grave Memorial ID 8091147, citing Oakwood Cemetery,
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-
hercules-ebbets: accessed 30 March 2023), memorial page for Charles Hercules Ebbets (29
Oct 1859–18 Apr 1925), Find a Grave Memorial ID 2401, citing Green-Wood Cemetery,
Brooklyn, Kings County (Brooklyn), New York, USA; Maintained by Find a Grave.
Homes, W.-P. F. of F. (2022, August 22). Pressly family of funeral homes: What is the difference
between a grave marker and a headstone? Wheelan. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://www.wheelanpressly.com/blog-posts/8661/what-is-the-difference-between-a-grave-
marker-and-a-headstone.
[https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html](https://www.nps.gov/articles/nationalparks-nationalcemeteries.html)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8091147/josiah-william-bailey)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets](https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2401/charles-hercules-ebbets)
A COMPARISON OF HEADSTONES 12
Home. Clarion County PAGenWeb. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2023, from
https://clarioncounty.info/news-menu/blog/354-burial-customs-and-cemeteries-in-
american-history#s5_scrolltotop
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