Tag: Homework Solution

  • [Solved] Week 7 Discussion Response- Marketing for Competitiveness

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    Colleagu 1 Femi Owoeye Hello everyone. In today's hyper-competitive consumer market, the quest for brand loyalty has intensified, pushing successful brands to realize that utility and price are often secondary to a profound emotional connection (Deikis, 2024). This emotional bond transcends mere tra…

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    Colleagu 1
    Femi Owoeye
    Hello everyone.
    In today's hyper-competitive consumer market, the quest for brand loyalty has intensified, pushing successful brands to realize that utility and price are often secondary to a profound emotional connection (Deikis, 2024). This emotional bond transcends mere transactional satisfaction; it transforms a brand into a reflection of the consumer's self-identity, values, and aspirations (Saeedi, 2025). This is the essence of emotional branding: crafting a story that allows the customer to feel that by choosing a product, they are aligning themselves with a greater movement, a shared belief, or a specific version of themselves they wish to project. The following three campaigns perfectly illustrate how brands manipulate these core human desires to influence consumer behavior and secure unwavering allegiance.
    My first example is Apple's multi-part series, "The Underdogs," which succeeds by transforming a product line into a narrative of Aspiration and Empowerment. The campaign features a quirky, diverse, and fast-paced team of office workers overcoming absurd, high-pressure deadlines using the integrated Apple ecosystem (Mac, iPad, iPhone, etc.) (DemandScience, 2025). Rather than listing specifications, the narrative centers on the universal struggle of the "underdog", the creative, scrappy individual or team fighting against the odds. This storytelling taps into deep emotional resonance through relatability and the desire for success. Viewers identify with the chaos and pressure, and Apple's technology is seamlessly positioned as the enabling force, the essential, invisible tool that empowers the "little guy" to succeed (Meet My Media, 2025). This connection allows Apple to command a premium; customers pay not just for the device, but for the feeling that they are buying competence and a creative edge.
    Another example is the Patagonia's infamous 2011 Black Friday advertisement, "Don't Buy This Jacket,". This is a masterclass in establishing emotional connection through Trust and Shared Values. The full-page ad, placed in _The New York Times_, featured one of their most popular products but urged consumers to reflect on the garment's environmental impact, advocating for repair, reuse, or buying used instead (The Brand Hopper, 2025). This radical, anti-consumption stance demonstrated an authenticity and commitment to environmental stewardship that transcended profit motives (Saeedi, 2025). By actively telling customers _not_ to buy, Patagonia created immense trust and elevated the brand from a clothing retailer to a moral thought leader. Environmentally conscious customers are emotionally drawn to Patagonia because purchasing their gear affirms their moral identity and joining a shared tribe committed to a greater cause, making their loyalty virtually unbreakable, even at higher price points.
    Lastly, Dove's long-running "Real Beauty" campaign successfully leveraged deep-seated Insecurity and the need for Validation to redefine its entire brand purpose. Launched in 2004, the campaign directly challenged the unrealistic beauty standards promulgated by the industry by featuring non-professional women of diverse ages, sizes, and ethnicities (Saeedi, 2025). Campaigns like "Real Beauty Sketches" powerfully highlighted the universal feeling of self-criticism, validating a widely held emotional pain point among women (Clement, 2025). Dove positioned itself as an ally and a voice for self-acceptance and positive self-esteem, shifting its brand identity from a functional soap manufacturer to a patron of female confidence. This emotional resonance allowed Dove to build community; choosing their product is an act of supporting their message, giving customers a sense of belonging and purpose with every purchase.
    I am strongly influenced by campaigns that appeal to shared ethical values, and I recognize the sophisticated manipulation of Aspiration and Trust in these examples.
    The Patagonia campaign is the most potent determinant of my purchasing behavior. Mydecision to buy their products (often at a premium) is less about the functional performance of the gear and entirely about the emotional satisfaction of moral alignment. I gain a sense of personal integrity by supporting a company that actively practices the values it preaches. This emotional reward ensures that I remain loyal, repeatedly choosing Patagonia over competitors that do not offer that same sense of shared purpose.
    The Apple and Dove campaigns impact my brand perception and consideration set. Apple's "Underdogs" reinforces my desire for professional efficacy. At the same time, the purchase is still rational (I need a computer), the emotional messaging adds a premium layer, the feeling that I am buying into a superior, more creative lifestyle, rather than just buying hardware. Similarly, Dove has earned my respect and empathy; its powerful message creates a positive emotional association, meaning that when faced with a choice between two similar products, the memory of the "Real Beauty" campaign is enough to emotionally tilt my decision toward Dove, positioning it as the more _responsible_ choice.
    In short, while I make rational choices, these campaigns demonstrate that my brand loyalty and ultimate purchasing decisions are consistently driven by a desire for emotional congruence, to buy brands that help me feel better about myself and my place in the world.
    **References**
    Clement, L. (2025, July 30). _From vision to viral: How Dove nailed their influencer marketing strategy plan (and how you can too)._ Influencity. [https://influencity.com/blog/en/from-vision-to-viral-how-dove-nailed-their-influencer-marketing-strategy-plan-and-how-you-can-tooLinks to an external site.](https://influencity.com/blog/en/from-vision-to-viral-how-dove-nailed-their-influencer-marketing-strategy-plan-and-how-you-can-too)
    Deikis, J. (2024, March 21). _Guide to emotional marketing: Unleashing the feels._ Noble Studios. [https://noblestudios.com/digital-marketing/guide-to-emotional-marketing/#:~:text=When%20emotional%20marketing%20works%2C%20you,connection%20between%20brand%20and%20consumerLinks to an external site.](https://noblestudios.com/digital-marketing/guide-to-emotional-marketing/#:~:text=When%20emotional%20marketing%20works%2C%20you,connection%20between%20brand%20and%20consumer)
    DemandScience. (2025, August 8). _The best video ads examples and what_ _you_ _can learn from them._ [https://demandscience.com/resources/blog/best-video-ads-examples/Links to an external site.](https://demandscience.com/resources/blog/best-video-ads-examples/)
    Meet My Media. (2025, March 28). _How Apple's content & ads keep customers hooked for life._ [https://meetmymedia.com/the-apple-strategy/Links to an external site.](https://meetmymedia.com/the-apple-strategy/)
    Saeedi, K. (2025, April). _Emotional branding: Using feelings as a catalyst for brand loyalty._ Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering, Innovation & Technology, Brussels, Belgium.
    The Brand Hopper. (2025, June 7). _A case study on_ _Patagonia's_ _"Don't buy this jacket"_ _campaign_
    _Colleague 2_
    _Angela Eaker_
    Kia has increasingly embraced emotional branding to differentiate itself in the competitive automotive market and foster deeper consumer loyalty. One standout example is the **“** Movement That Inspires **”** campaign, which repositions Kia not just as a car manufacturer but as a mobility brand that empowers people to pursue meaningful experiences. The campaign emphasizes movement as a source of inspiration and progress, aligning with consumers’ desires for freedom, creativity, and connection (Kia Global, n.d.). Another emotionally resonant campaign is Kia’s 2024 Super Bowl commercial **, “** Perfect 10 **.”** This ad tells the story of a young figure skater who performs a heartfelt routine for her ailing grandfather, powered by the Kia EV9’s onboard energy system. The ad highlight’s themes of family, love, and the power of small gestures, using cinematic storytelling and a moving soundtrack to evoke deep emotional responses (Kia Media, 2024; Not Your Dads TV Ads, 2024). A third example is Kia’s **“** Feel Something Again **”** campaign featuring Steven Tyler, which aired during the 2018 Super Bowl. This ad used nostalgia and the concept of reversing time to evoke feelings of youth, freedom, and rediscovery, connecting emotionally with viewers across generations (Super Bowl Commercials, 2018).
    These campaigns have positively influenced how I perceive Kia. The “Movement That Inspires” message makes the brand feel purpose-driven and human-centered, while “Perfect 10” reinforces Kia’s commitment to family values and innovation. These emotional narratives make me more likely to consider Kia when purchasing a vehicle, as I associate the brand with inspiration, care, and meaningful experiences—qualities that go beyond technical specifications and price.
    **References**
    Kia Global. (n.d.). _Our movement_. [https://www.kia.com/nmc/en/discover-kia/our-movement.htmlLinks to an external site.](https://www.kia.com/nmc/en/discover-kia/our-movement.html)
    Kia Media. (2024, February 8). _Kia America’s Super Bowl spot celebrates the hidden power within us all_. [https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/media/pressreleases/21844/kia-americas-super-bowl-spot-celebrates-the-hidden-power-within-us-allLinks to an external site.](https://www.kiamedia.com/us/en/media/pressreleases/21844/kia-americas-super-bowl-spot-celebrates-the-hidden-power-within-us-all)
    Not Your Dads TV Ads. (2024, February 11). _Kia Super Bowl LVIII (58) 2024 Commercial_ [Video]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ET9-rjSMvRkLinks to an external site.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ET9-rjSMvRk)![](https://waldenu.instructure.com/images/play_overlay.png)
    Super Bowl Commercials. (2018, February 4). _KIA – Feel Something Again – Super Bowl 2018 Commercial feat Steven Tyler_ [Video]. YouTube. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oXY9ns4jeYLinks to an external site.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oXY9ns4jeY)![](https://waldenu.instructure.com/images/play_overlay.png)

  • [Solved] OL665 Milestone Three

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering OL665 Milestone Three.

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  • [Solved] HCM 700 Milestone 6

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering HCM 700 Milestone 6.

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  • [Solved] 7 slide PPT

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    DUE 10.8 5 PM EST – ## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx – ## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx – ## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx – ## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx** ## image2.jpg ## image1.jpg **## pptVideoDiscussionPres…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    DUE 10.8   5 PM EST

    – ## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx

    – ## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx

    – ## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx

    – ## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx

    **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx**

    ## image2.jpg

    ## image1.jpg

    **## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

    **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx**

    ## image2.jpg

    ## image1.jpg

    **## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

    **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx**

    ## image2.jpg

    ## image1.jpg

    **## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

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    – ## Discussion6copy.docx – ## Palmer1996.module6.pdf – Science_and_Human_Behavior-Chapter8.pdf – GoetzBaer1973..Module6.pdf **## Discussion6copy.docx** Discussion 6 Skinner described thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-awareness as behaviors subject to the same principles as ove…

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    – ## Discussion6copy.docx

    – ## Palmer1996.module6.pdf

    – Science_and_Human_Behavior-Chapter8.pdf
    – GoetzBaer1973..Module6.pdf

    **## Discussion6copy.docx**

    Discussion 6

    Skinner described thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-awareness as behaviors subject to the same principles as overt actions. Using this framework, analyze a recent experience where you engaged in "thinking" or "problem-solving."

    1. Describe the situation and the covert or overt behaviors involved.

    2. Identify any environmental manipulations or techniques (e.g., making lists, shuffling stimuli, asking questions) that influenced your behavior.

    3. Reflect on how understanding the behavioral principles behind your actions (e.g., reinforcement, rules, contingencies) might improve your future decision-making or self-awareness.

    Students are expected to cite all assigned readings within the module that a discussion post is assigned. They
    are also expected to find an outside source that is eligible and academic

    For references use the followings readings:

    1.
    ![A white rectangular box with black text AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/thinking-20943459)Science and Human Behavior: Science and Human Behavior:  Chapter 16 & Chapter 18.

    Rubic

    ## image1.png

    **## Palmer1996.module6.pdf**

    289 COMMENTARY

    ACHIEVING PARITY: THE ROLE OF
    AUTOMATIC REINFORCEMENT

    DAVID C. PALMER

    SMITH COLLEGE

    The central insight of Horne and Lowe's
    article is the importance of the role played by
    the discriminative effects of one's speech
    upon one's self. Informed by this insight,
    Horne and Lowe provide a parsimonious and
    coherent interpretation of the behavior said
    to show equivalence relations, exploiting only
    established concepts of behavior analysis. I
    am enthusiastic about both the goals and ac­
    complishments of the article and therefore
    will confine myself to suggesting an elabora­
    tion or refinement of one or two ideas lightly
    covered by the authors, particularly the role
    of automatic reinforcement in the shaping of
    the speaker's behavior (cf. Skinner, 1957, p.
    164, 1979, p. 283; Sundberg, 1980;Vaughan
    & Michael, 1982).

    Speech is special in that we stimulate our­
    selves in just the same way and at the same
    moment we stimulate others. This is a char­
    acteristic not entirely shared by sign lan­
    guage, because the appearance of a sign var­
    ies with the location of the viewer; typically
    the speaker and the listener view signs from
    opposite sides. Although subtle, this differ­
    ence should impair the acquisition of naming
    in sign language relative to that of speech,
    because listener behavior is under the control
    of stimuli that the speaker can never quite
    reproduce. Moreover, we might expect more
    idiosyncrasies, or accents, among signers than
    among speakers.

    The auditory feedback from one's speech
    can play a special role for a speaker who is
    already a competent listener. Horne and
    Lowe allude to the discriminative control that
    such feedback exerts over orienting behavior
    and note that this control contributes greatly
    to our understanding of performance in re­
    search on equivalence classes. They also refer
    to the potential reinforcing function that

    Correspondence concerning this commentary should
    be addressed to the author at the Department of Psy­
    chology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
    01063 (E-mail: dcpalmer@science.smith.edu).

    such feedback can provide, assuming that the
    verbal stimuli already function as conditioned
    reinforcers. A stimulus may be automatically
    reinforcing if it has been paired with uncon­
    ditioned reinforcers; thus, as Horne and
    Lowe observe, "the sounds and words uttered
    by parents may function as potent classically
    conditioned stimuli that have strong emo­
    tional effects on the child so that when she
    hears her own replication of these vocal pat­
    terns she generates stimuli that have similarly
    strong reinforcing consequences" (p. 198).
    Presumably, then, there may be a reinforcing
    effect of hearing one's self say, "Good job,"
    because such expressions from parents are
    likely to serve a reinforcing function.

    Horne and Lowe do not make much of this
    point, and rightly so: We would expect only
    a relatively few verbal stimuli to function as
    conditioned reinforcers. Moreover, presum­
    ably one quickly discriminates between the
    praise of another and one's own; the former
    is far more precious. The reinforcing effec­
    tiveness of verbal stimuli quickly becomes
    conditional on other variables.

    However, the feedback from one's own
    speech plays a different sort of reinforcing
    function that I will argue is far more impor­
    tant in the shaping and development of ver­
    bal behavior. One's own utterances can shape
    and maintain one's behavior, not because of
    the specific stimulus properties of the verbal
    stimuli, but because of the parity of such stim­
    uli with practices of the verbal community.
    That is, a speaker who is already an accom­
    plished listener can detect when he or she
    conforms or deviates from typical verbal prac­
    tices. Under most circumstances, people find
    parity of their speech with that of others to
    be reinforcing and deviations from parity to
    be punishing. The child who says "Tarry
    me!" does not have to receive explicit differ­
    ential consequences from the verbal com­
    munity when she eventually learns to utter
    "Carry me!" She knows instantly that she has

    [mailto:dcpalmer@science.smith.edu](mailto:dcpalmer@science.smith.edu)

    290 COMMENTARY

    achieved parity, because, as Horne and Lowe
    observe, her repertoire as listener typically
    precedes her repertoire as speaker.

    Achieving parity is a conceptually awkward
    sort of reinforcer. It is not a stimulus. It is a
    particular kind of response, a recognition
    that one has conformed. It is difficult to mea­
    sure, even to operationalize; thus, in our in­
    terpretations of the acquisition of verbal be­
    havior it is seldom given the emphasis it
    deserves. But, although difficult to measure,
    the reinforcement is real enough. The effects
    of achieving, or failing to achieve, parity are
    particularly conspicuous in endeavors in
    which social reinforcement is clearly absent
    or irrelevant. The boy who tries to imitate the
    sound of a locomotive, an airplane, or a vac­
    uum cleaner does not need differential feed­
    back from his parents or siblings; the child
    who picks out the tune to "Mary Had a Little
    Lamb" on a xylophone may succeed without
    instruction or approval; the girl trying to
    learn how to wiggle her ears or to wink profits
    more from the mirror than from a tutor. In
    each case, the person already knows what the
    behavior should look like or sound like, and
    any behavioral variant that approaches parity
    is strongly reinforced.

    Why is the achievement of parity reinforc­
    ing for children? First, it must be acknowl­
    edged that it isn't invariably reinforcing in all
    areas of conduct, as legions of mortified par­
    ents in restaurants and supermarkets can at­
    test. However, one of the surest ways to opti­
    mize one's behavior in a novel situation is to
    do what others do, and children quickly learn
    to model their behavior after that of their el­
    ders. Nonconformity is often punished with
    staring, silence, or ridicule. The contingen­
    cies for achieving parity in verbal behavior
    are doubtless subtle, but the embarrassment
    of those who stutter, lisp, or suffer from other
    speech impediments suggests that they are
    nonetheless powerful.

    The implications of this source of rein­
    forcement are profound. A staple criticism of
    behavioral interpretations of the acquisition
    of language, by linguists and cognitive psy­
    chologists, is that the reinforcing practices of
    verbal communities do not seem to be ade-

    quate to shape the many subtleties of verbal
    behavior that children learn to respect. The
    child who begs to be "tarried" may be car­
    ried many hundreds of times without protest;
    it is not the parents who insist that she get it
    right. Moreover, as Brown and Hanlon
    (1970) point out, parents tend to reinforce
    the content of children's utterances, not the
    syntax or pronunciation. Despite Moerk's
    subsequent reanalysis of their data, revealing
    many sources of reinforcement overlooked by
    Brown and Hanlon (Moerk, 1983, 1990), the
    critique is trenchant: Although people re­
    spect countless verbal conventions, most of us
    are unaware of many of them and are in no
    position to tutor others about them. For ex­
    ample, donate and gi,ve are roughly synony­
    mous words. One might say, "I gave the mon­
    ey to the Jimmy Fund," or "I donated the
    money to the Jimmy Fund." But, although
    one might say, "I gave the Jimmy Fund the
    money," one is unlikely to say, "I donated the
    Jimmy Fund the money." Our language is re­
    plete with such anomalies. To argue that the
    verbal community explicitly shapes respect
    for such distinctions would be fatuous. The
    exquisite subtlety of our verbal repertoires is
    shaped by the contingencies of automatic re­
    inforcement of which Skinner spoke; there
    are countless such contingencies and they are
    optimally arranged. To the competent listen­
    er, a deviation from parity is instantly detect­
    ed; one need not wait for the lumbering ma­
    chinery of social reinforcement to swing into
    action. Identifying units of listener behavior
    that are relevant to cadence, intraverbal
    frames, and the other dimensions of syntax
    remains a formidable problem, but one that
    is within the scope of the kind of interpreta­
    tion pioneered by Skinner and extended
    here by Horne and Lowe. (See Donahoe &
    Palmer, 1994, pp. 312-319, for a fuller treat­
    ment of this theme.)

    The foregoing analysis does not weaken
    Horne and Lowe's thesis, but it suggests that
    their interpretation of language development
    resorts more frequently than necessary to social
    reinforcers. Second, it suggests that a new mem­
    ber needs to be added to their family of effects
    of a speaker's behavior on him- or herself.

    **Science_and_Human_Behavior-Chapter8.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/science-and-human-behavior-chapter8-pdf)

    **GoetzBaer1973..Module6.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/goetzbaer1973-module6-pdf)

    **GoetzBaer1973..Module6.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/goetzbaer1973-module6-pdf)

    **## Discussion6copy.docx**

    Discussion 6

    Skinner described thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-awareness as behaviors subject to the same principles as overt actions. Using this framework, analyze a recent experience where you engaged in "thinking" or "problem-solving."

    1. Describe the situation and the covert or overt behaviors involved.

    2. Identify any environmental manipulations or techniques (e.g., making lists, shuffling stimuli, asking questions) that influenced your behavior.

    3. Reflect on how understanding the behavioral principles behind your actions (e.g., reinforcement, rules, contingencies) might improve your future decision-making or self-awareness.

    Students are expected to cite all assigned readings within the module that a discussion post is assigned. They
    are also expected to find an outside source that is eligible and academic

    For references use the followings readings:

    1.
    ![A white rectangular box with black text AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/thinking-20943459)Science and Human Behavior: Science and Human Behavior:  Chapter 16 & Chapter 18.

    Rubic

    ## image1.png

    **## Palmer1996.module6.pdf**

    289 COMMENTARY

    ACHIEVING PARITY: THE ROLE OF
    AUTOMATIC REINFORCEMENT

    DAVID C. PALMER

    SMITH COLLEGE

    The central insight of Horne and Lowe's
    article is the importance of the role played by
    the discriminative effects of one's speech
    upon one's self. Informed by this insight,
    Horne and Lowe provide a parsimonious and
    coherent interpretation of the behavior said
    to show equivalence relations, exploiting only
    established concepts of behavior analysis. I
    am enthusiastic about both the goals and ac­
    complishments of the article and therefore
    will confine myself to suggesting an elabora­
    tion or refinement of one or two ideas lightly
    covered by the authors, particularly the role
    of automatic reinforcement in the shaping of
    the speaker's behavior (cf. Skinner, 1957, p.
    164, 1979, p. 283; Sundberg, 1980;Vaughan
    & Michael, 1982).

    Speech is special in that we stimulate our­
    selves in just the same way and at the same
    moment we stimulate others. This is a char­
    acteristic not entirely shared by sign lan­
    guage, because the appearance of a sign var­
    ies with the location of the viewer; typically
    the speaker and the listener view signs from
    opposite sides. Although subtle, this differ­
    ence should impair the acquisition of naming
    in sign language relative to that of speech,
    because listener behavior is under the control
    of stimuli that the speaker can never quite
    reproduce. Moreover, we might expect more
    idiosyncrasies, or accents, among signers than
    among speakers.

    The auditory feedback from one's speech
    can play a special role for a speaker who is
    already a competent listener. Horne and
    Lowe allude to the discriminative control that
    such feedback exerts over orienting behavior
    and note that this control contributes greatly
    to our understanding of performance in re­
    search on equivalence classes. They also refer
    to the potential reinforcing function that

    Correspondence concerning this commentary should
    be addressed to the author at the Department of Psy­
    chology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
    01063 (E-mail: dcpalmer@science.smith.edu).

    such feedback can provide, assuming that the
    verbal stimuli already function as conditioned
    reinforcers. A stimulus may be automatically
    reinforcing if it has been paired with uncon­
    ditioned reinforcers; thus, as Horne and
    Lowe observe, "the sounds and words uttered
    by parents may function as potent classically
    conditioned stimuli that have strong emo­
    tional effects on the child so that when she
    hears her own replication of these vocal pat­
    terns she generates stimuli that have similarly
    strong reinforcing consequences" (p. 198).
    Presumably, then, there may be a reinforcing
    effect of hearing one's self say, "Good job,"
    because such expressions from parents are
    likely to serve a reinforcing function.

    Horne and Lowe do not make much of this
    point, and rightly so: We would expect only
    a relatively few verbal stimuli to function as
    conditioned reinforcers. Moreover, presum­
    ably one quickly discriminates between the
    praise of another and one's own; the former
    is far more precious. The reinforcing effec­
    tiveness of verbal stimuli quickly becomes
    conditional on other variables.

    However, the feedback from one's own
    speech plays a different sort of reinforcing
    function that I will argue is far more impor­
    tant in the shaping and development of ver­
    bal behavior. One's own utterances can shape
    and maintain one's behavior, not because of
    the specific stimulus properties of the verbal
    stimuli, but because of the parity of such stim­
    uli with practices of the verbal community.
    That is, a speaker who is already an accom­
    plished listener can detect when he or she
    conforms or deviates from typical verbal prac­
    tices. Under most circumstances, people find
    parity of their speech with that of others to
    be reinforcing and deviations from parity to
    be punishing. The child who says "Tarry
    me!" does not have to receive explicit differ­
    ential consequences from the verbal com­
    munity when she eventually learns to utter
    "Carry me!" She knows instantly that she has

    [mailto:dcpalmer@science.smith.edu](mailto:dcpalmer@science.smith.edu)

    290 COMMENTARY

    achieved parity, because, as Horne and Lowe
    observe, her repertoire as listener typically
    precedes her repertoire as speaker.

    Achieving parity is a conceptually awkward
    sort of reinforcer. It is not a stimulus. It is a
    particular kind of response, a recognition
    that one has conformed. It is difficult to mea­
    sure, even to operationalize; thus, in our in­
    terpretations of the acquisition of verbal be­
    havior it is seldom given the emphasis it
    deserves. But, although difficult to measure,
    the reinforcement is real enough. The effects
    of achieving, or failing to achieve, parity are
    particularly conspicuous in endeavors in
    which social reinforcement is clearly absent
    or irrelevant. The boy who tries to imitate the
    sound of a locomotive, an airplane, or a vac­
    uum cleaner does not need differential feed­
    back from his parents or siblings; the child
    who picks out the tune to "Mary Had a Little
    Lamb" on a xylophone may succeed without
    instruction or approval; the girl trying to
    learn how to wiggle her ears or to wink profits
    more from the mirror than from a tutor. In
    each case, the person already knows what the
    behavior should look like or sound like, and
    any behavioral variant that approaches parity
    is strongly reinforced.

    Why is the achievement of parity reinforc­
    ing for children? First, it must be acknowl­
    edged that it isn't invariably reinforcing in all
    areas of conduct, as legions of mortified par­
    ents in restaurants and supermarkets can at­
    test. However, one of the surest ways to opti­
    mize one's behavior in a novel situation is to
    do what others do, and children quickly learn
    to model their behavior after that of their el­
    ders. Nonconformity is often punished with
    staring, silence, or ridicule. The contingen­
    cies for achieving parity in verbal behavior
    are doubtless subtle, but the embarrassment
    of those who stutter, lisp, or suffer from other
    speech impediments suggests that they are
    nonetheless powerful.

    The implications of this source of rein­
    forcement are profound. A staple criticism of
    behavioral interpretations of the acquisition
    of language, by linguists and cognitive psy­
    chologists, is that the reinforcing practices of
    verbal communities do not seem to be ade-

    quate to shape the many subtleties of verbal
    behavior that children learn to respect. The
    child who begs to be "tarried" may be car­
    ried many hundreds of times without protest;
    it is not the parents who insist that she get it
    right. Moreover, as Brown and Hanlon
    (1970) point out, parents tend to reinforce
    the content of children's utterances, not the
    syntax or pronunciation. Despite Moerk's
    subsequent reanalysis of their data, revealing
    many sources of reinforcement overlooked by
    Brown and Hanlon (Moerk, 1983, 1990), the
    critique is trenchant: Although people re­
    spect countless verbal conventions, most of us
    are unaware of many of them and are in no
    position to tutor others about them. For ex­
    ample, donate and gi,ve are roughly synony­
    mous words. One might say, "I gave the mon­
    ey to the Jimmy Fund," or "I donated the
    money to the Jimmy Fund." But, although
    one might say, "I gave the Jimmy Fund the
    money," one is unlikely to say, "I donated the
    Jimmy Fund the money." Our language is re­
    plete with such anomalies. To argue that the
    verbal community explicitly shapes respect
    for such distinctions would be fatuous. The
    exquisite subtlety of our verbal repertoires is
    shaped by the contingencies of automatic re­
    inforcement of which Skinner spoke; there
    are countless such contingencies and they are
    optimally arranged. To the competent listen­
    er, a deviation from parity is instantly detect­
    ed; one need not wait for the lumbering ma­
    chinery of social reinforcement to swing into
    action. Identifying units of listener behavior
    that are relevant to cadence, intraverbal
    frames, and the other dimensions of syntax
    remains a formidable problem, but one that
    is within the scope of the kind of interpreta­
    tion pioneered by Skinner and extended
    here by Horne and Lowe. (See Donahoe &
    Palmer, 1994, pp. 312-319, for a fuller treat­
    ment of this theme.)

    The foregoing analysis does not weaken
    Horne and Lowe's thesis, but it suggests that
    their interpretation of language development
    resorts more frequently than necessary to social
    reinforcers. Second, it suggests that a new mem­
    ber needs to be added to their family of effects
    of a speaker's behavior on him- or herself.

    **Science_and_Human_Behavior-Chapter8.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/science-and-human-behavior-chapter8-pdf)

    **GoetzBaer1973..Module6.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/goetzbaer1973-module6-pdf)

    **## Discussion6copy.docx**

    Discussion 6

    Skinner described thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-awareness as behaviors subject to the same principles as overt actions. Using this framework, analyze a recent experience where you engaged in "thinking" or "problem-solving."

    1. Describe the situation and the covert or overt behaviors involved.

    2. Identify any environmental manipulations or techniques (e.g., making lists, shuffling stimuli, asking questions) that influenced your behavior.

    3. Reflect on how understanding the behavioral principles behind your actions (e.g., reinforcement, rules, contingencies) might improve your future decision-making or self-awareness.

    Students are expected to cite all assigned readings within the module that a discussion post is assigned. They
    are also expected to find an outside source that is eligible and academic

    For references use the followings readings:

    1.
    ![A white rectangular box with black text AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/thinking-20943459)Science and Human Behavior: Science and Human Behavior:  Chapter 16 & Chapter 18.

    Rubic

    ## image1.png

    **## Palmer1996.module6.pdf**

    289 COMMENTARY

    ACHIEVING PARITY: THE ROLE OF
    AUTOMATIC REINFORCEMENT

    DAVID C. PALMER

    SMITH COLLEGE

    The central insight of Horne and Lowe's
    article is the importance of the role played by
    the discriminative effects of one's speech
    upon one's self. Informed by this insight,
    Horne and Lowe provide a parsimonious and
    coherent interpretation of the behavior said
    to show equivalence relations, exploiting only
    established concepts of behavior analysis. I
    am enthusiastic about both the goals and ac­
    complishments of the article and therefore
    will confine myself to suggesting an elabora­
    tion or refinement of one or two ideas lightly
    covered by the authors, particularly the role
    of automatic reinforcement in the shaping of
    the speaker's behavior (cf. Skinner, 1957, p.
    164, 1979, p. 283; Sundberg, 1980;Vaughan
    & Michael, 1982).

    Speech is special in that we stimulate our­
    selves in just the same way and at the same
    moment we stimulate others. This is a char­
    acteristic not entirely shared by sign lan­
    guage, because the appearance of a sign var­
    ies with the location of the viewer; typically
    the speaker and the listener view signs from
    opposite sides. Although subtle, this differ­
    ence should impair the acquisition of naming
    in sign language relative to that of speech,
    because listener behavior is under the control
    of stimuli that the speaker can never quite
    reproduce. Moreover, we might expect more
    idiosyncrasies, or accents, among signers than
    among speakers.

    The auditory feedback from one's speech
    can play a special role for a speaker who is
    already a competent listener. Horne and
    Lowe allude to the discriminative control that
    such feedback exerts over orienting behavior
    and note that this control contributes greatly
    to our understanding of performance in re­
    search on equivalence classes. They also refer
    to the potential reinforcing function that

    Correspondence concerning this commentary should
    be addressed to the author at the Department of Psy­
    chology, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts
    01063 (E-mail: dcpalmer@science.smith.edu).

    such feedback can provide, assuming that the
    verbal stimuli already function as conditioned
    reinforcers. A stimulus may be automatically
    reinforcing if it has been paired with uncon­
    ditioned reinforcers; thus, as Horne and
    Lowe observe, "the sounds and words uttered
    by parents may function as potent classically
    conditioned stimuli that have strong emo­
    tional effects on the child so that when she
    hears her own replication of these vocal pat­
    terns she generates stimuli that have similarly
    strong reinforcing consequences" (p. 198).
    Presumably, then, there may be a reinforcing
    effect of hearing one's self say, "Good job,"
    because such expressions from parents are
    likely to serve a reinforcing function.

    Horne and Lowe do not make much of this
    point, and rightly so: We would expect only
    a relatively few verbal stimuli to function as
    conditioned reinforcers. Moreover, presum­
    ably one quickly discriminates between the
    praise of another and one's own; the former
    is far more precious. The reinforcing effec­
    tiveness of verbal stimuli quickly becomes
    conditional on other variables.

    However, the feedback from one's own
    speech plays a different sort of reinforcing
    function that I will argue is far more impor­
    tant in the shaping and development of ver­
    bal behavior. One's own utterances can shape
    and maintain one's behavior, not because of
    the specific stimulus properties of the verbal
    stimuli, but because of the parity of such stim­
    uli with practices of the verbal community.
    That is, a speaker who is already an accom­
    plished listener can detect when he or she
    conforms or deviates from typical verbal prac­
    tices. Under most circumstances, people find
    parity of their speech with that of others to
    be reinforcing and deviations from parity to
    be punishing. The child who says "Tarry
    me!" does not have to receive explicit differ­
    ential consequences from the verbal com­
    munity when she eventually learns to utter
    "Carry me!" She knows instantly that she has

    [mailto:dcpalmer@science.smith.edu](mailto:dcpalmer@science.smith.edu)

    290 COMMENTARY

    achieved parity, because, as Horne and Lowe
    observe, her repertoire as listener typically
    precedes her repertoire as speaker.

    Achieving parity is a conceptually awkward
    sort of reinforcer. It is not a stimulus. It is a
    particular kind of response, a recognition
    that one has conformed. It is difficult to mea­
    sure, even to operationalize; thus, in our in­
    terpretations of the acquisition of verbal be­
    havior it is seldom given the emphasis it
    deserves. But, although difficult to measure,
    the reinforcement is real enough. The effects
    of achieving, or failing to achieve, parity are
    particularly conspicuous in endeavors in
    which social reinforcement is clearly absent
    or irrelevant. The boy who tries to imitate the
    sound of a locomotive, an airplane, or a vac­
    uum cleaner does not need differential feed­
    back from his parents or siblings; the child
    who picks out the tune to "Mary Had a Little
    Lamb" on a xylophone may succeed without
    instruction or approval; the girl trying to
    learn how to wiggle her ears or to wink profits
    more from the mirror than from a tutor. In
    each case, the person already knows what the
    behavior should look like or sound like, and
    any behavioral variant that approaches parity
    is strongly reinforced.

    Why is the achievement of parity reinforc­
    ing for children? First, it must be acknowl­
    edged that it isn't invariably reinforcing in all
    areas of conduct, as legions of mortified par­
    ents in restaurants and supermarkets can at­
    test. However, one of the surest ways to opti­
    mize one's behavior in a novel situation is to
    do what others do, and children quickly learn
    to model their behavior after that of their el­
    ders. Nonconformity is often punished with
    staring, silence, or ridicule. The contingen­
    cies for achieving parity in verbal behavior
    are doubtless subtle, but the embarrassment
    of those who stutter, lisp, or suffer from other
    speech impediments suggests that they are
    nonetheless powerful.

    The implications of this source of rein­
    forcement are profound. A staple criticism of
    behavioral interpretations of the acquisition
    of language, by linguists and cognitive psy­
    chologists, is that the reinforcing practices of
    verbal communities do not seem to be ade-

    quate to shape the many subtleties of verbal
    behavior that children learn to respect. The
    child who begs to be "tarried" may be car­
    ried many hundreds of times without protest;
    it is not the parents who insist that she get it
    right. Moreover, as Brown and Hanlon
    (1970) point out, parents tend to reinforce
    the content of children's utterances, not the
    syntax or pronunciation. Despite Moerk's
    subsequent reanalysis of their data, revealing
    many sources of reinforcement overlooked by
    Brown and Hanlon (Moerk, 1983, 1990), the
    critique is trenchant: Although people re­
    spect countless verbal conventions, most of us
    are unaware of many of them and are in no
    position to tutor others about them. For ex­
    ample, donate and gi,ve are roughly synony­
    mous words. One might say, "I gave the mon­
    ey to the Jimmy Fund," or "I donated the
    money to the Jimmy Fund." But, although
    one might say, "I gave the Jimmy Fund the
    money," one is unlikely to say, "I donated the
    Jimmy Fund the money." Our language is re­
    plete with such anomalies. To argue that the
    verbal community explicitly shapes respect
    for such distinctions would be fatuous. The
    exquisite subtlety of our verbal repertoires is
    shaped by the contingencies of automatic re­
    inforcement of which Skinner spoke; there
    are countless such contingencies and they are
    optimally arranged. To the competent listen­
    er, a deviation from parity is instantly detect­
    ed; one need not wait for the lumbering ma­
    chinery of social reinforcement to swing into
    action. Identifying units of listener behavior
    that are relevant to cadence, intraverbal
    frames, and the other dimensions of syntax
    remains a formidable problem, but one that
    is within the scope of the kind of interpreta­
    tion pioneered by Skinner and extended
    here by Horne and Lowe. (See Donahoe &
    Palmer, 1994, pp. 312-319, for a fuller treat­
    ment of this theme.)

    The foregoing analysis does not weaken
    Horne and Lowe's thesis, but it suggests that
    their interpretation of language development
    resorts more frequently than necessary to social
    reinforcers. Second, it suggests that a new mem­
    ber needs to be added to their family of effects
    of a speaker's behavior on him- or herself.

    **Science_and_Human_Behavior-Chapter8.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/science-and-human-behavior-chapter8-pdf)

    **GoetzBaer1973..Module6.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/goetzbaer1973-module6-pdf)

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    300 words with 2 apa format scholarly sources on International Monetary System Forces

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    – ## Writing.docx **## Writing.docx** Essay Characteristics and Background of the Character: · Passion for dancing/ Competitive dancer · Believes in never taking anything for granted · Family means so much · Resilient and reflective · Purpose driven · Wants to be a doctor because of her father Moral…

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    – ## Writing.docx

    **## Writing.docx**

    Essay

    Characteristics and Background of the Character:

    · Passion for dancing/ Competitive dancer

    · Believes in never taking anything for granted

    · Family means so much

    · Resilient and reflective

    · Purpose driven

    · Wants to be a doctor because of her father

    Moral of the story and what I have to receive/understand as a reader:

    · Why she wants to be a doctor

    · What shaped her into becoming so hard working and being the way she is today/ How did it change how she see the world

    · “ Don’t take life for granted” is how she lives

    Essay needs to include the following:

    · 500 to 650- words

    **## Writing.docx**

    Essay

    Characteristics and Background of the Character:

    · Passion for dancing/ Competitive dancer

    · Believes in never taking anything for granted

    · Family means so much

    · Resilient and reflective

    · Purpose driven

    · Wants to be a doctor because of her father

    Moral of the story and what I have to receive/understand as a reader:

    · Why she wants to be a doctor

    · What shaped her into becoming so hard working and being the way she is today/ How did it change how she see the world

    · “ Don’t take life for granted” is how she lives

    Essay needs to include the following:

    · 500 to 650- words