Tag: Psychology

  • [Solved] Premarital Project: Topic Selection

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    Follow Instructions and Grading Rubric – ## Videos.docx – ## Module2.docx – ## Instructions-PremaritalProjectTopicSelectionAssignment.docx – ## PremaritalProject-TopicSelectionGradingRubric.pdf – Reading-WrightN.1992.ThePremaritalCounselingHandbook.Chapt.12.pdf **## Videos.docx** **Videos** [https:/…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Follow Instructions and Grading Rubric

    – ## Videos.docx

    – ## Module2.docx

    – ## Instructions-PremaritalProjectTopicSelectionAssignment.docx

    – ## PremaritalProject-TopicSelectionGradingRubric.pdf

    – Reading-WrightN.1992.ThePremaritalCounselingHandbook.Chapt.12.pdf

    **## Videos.docx**

    **Videos**

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-of-marriage?module_item_id=95299742](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-of-marriage?module_item_id=95299742)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-and-psychology-of-love?module_item_id=95299752](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-and-psychology-of-love?module_item_id=95299752)

    **## Module2.docx**

    Module 2: Week 2 Introduction

    **Overview**

    This module will allow you to explore what the Bible has to say about marriage. An emphasis is placed on the design, purpose, and maintenance of marriage from a biblical worldview. Additionally, you will explore what the Bible and psychology teach about the nature of relational love.

    **Learning Outcomes**

    Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:

    · Communicate an understanding of a biblical view of marriage with comparison to other faiths and the dominant culture.

    · Identify the role that creation, the fall, and redemption have on the sexuality of men and women.

    · Articulate how the fall impacted the relational functioning of a couple.

    · Communicate a theology and psychology of the nature of love.

    **## Instructions-PremaritalProjectTopicSelectionAssignment.docx**

    EDCO 806

    **Premarital Project: Topic Selection Assignment Instructions**

    Overview

    This is beginning of your Premarital Project. Develop a curriculum or treatment manual (created in Microsoft Word) related to marital education/therapy intervention for premarital or remarital couples. This is an opportunity to determine, incorporate, and apply the most important elements of premarital education. The average premarital/remarital training will include approximately 7 sessions (2 hours each) of didactic material and interactive exercises; a therapeutic marital group will have approximately 6–10 weeks of sessions (1 hour per week).

    Instructions

    1. For the topic selection assignment, you will submit a 1–2-sentence statement describing the project’s specific topic.

    2. Gather ideas from course textbooks, marital therapy theorists, scholarly research, other peer-reviewed sources, and Scripture.

    3. Be sure the topic is appropriate for premarital/remarital counseling

    Examples could include, but are not limited to the following:

    1. A faith-based program.

    2. A premarital/remarital class that could be used in a church setting.

    3. A premarital/remarital counseling manual for couples.

    4. An entire program focused on one issue, such as sexuality/sex.

    Ensure your target audience and objectives are clear and appropriate.

    **## PremaritalProject-TopicSelectionGradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Topic 10 to >9 pts

    Advanced

    The statement is 1–2
    sentences and
    describes the
    project’s specific
    topic. The topic is
    appropriate for
    premarital/remarital
    counseling.

    9 to >7 pts

    Proficient

    The statement is
    1–2 sentences and
    describes the
    project’s topic. The
    topic can be
    tailored for a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling.

    7 to >5 pts

    Developing

    The statement is
    1–2 sentences and
    vaguely describes
    the project’s topic.
    Some more
    thought is needed
    to apply to a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling setting.

    5 to >0 pts

    Below
    Expectations

    The statement is
    unclear and does
    not describe
    applicability to a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling setting.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    10 pts

    Audience
    and
    Objectives

    10 to >9 pts

    Advanced

    The target audience
    and objectives are
    clear and
    appropriate. Ideas
    are gathered from
    appropriate sources,
    including course
    textbooks, scholarly
    research, and
    Scripture.

    9 to >7 pts

    Proficient

    Target audience is
    clear and
    objectives are
    appropriate. Ideas
    are gathered from
    appropriate
    sources.

    7 to >5 pts

    Developing

    Target audience
    and objectives
    need some clarity.
    Ideas are minimally
    supported by
    sources.

    5 to >0 pts

    Below
    Expectations

    Target audience
    and objectives are
    unclear. Sources
    are not utilized.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    10 pts

    Total Points: 20

    Premarital Project: Topic Selection Grading Rubric

    **Reading-WrightN.1992.ThePremaritalCounselingHandbook.Chapt.12.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-wrightn-1992-thepremaritalcounselinghandbook-chapt-12-pdf-10435527)

    **Reading-WrightN.1992.ThePremaritalCounselingHandbook.Chapt.12.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-wrightn-1992-thepremaritalcounselinghandbook-chapt-12-pdf-10435527)

    **## Videos.docx**

    **Videos**

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-of-marriage?module_item_id=95299742](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-of-marriage?module_item_id=95299742)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-and-psychology-of-love?module_item_id=95299752](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-and-psychology-of-love?module_item_id=95299752)

    **## Module2.docx**

    Module 2: Week 2 Introduction

    **Overview**

    This module will allow you to explore what the Bible has to say about marriage. An emphasis is placed on the design, purpose, and maintenance of marriage from a biblical worldview. Additionally, you will explore what the Bible and psychology teach about the nature of relational love.

    **Learning Outcomes**

    Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:

    · Communicate an understanding of a biblical view of marriage with comparison to other faiths and the dominant culture.

    · Identify the role that creation, the fall, and redemption have on the sexuality of men and women.

    · Articulate how the fall impacted the relational functioning of a couple.

    · Communicate a theology and psychology of the nature of love.

    **## Instructions-PremaritalProjectTopicSelectionAssignment.docx**

    EDCO 806

    **Premarital Project: Topic Selection Assignment Instructions**

    Overview

    This is beginning of your Premarital Project. Develop a curriculum or treatment manual (created in Microsoft Word) related to marital education/therapy intervention for premarital or remarital couples. This is an opportunity to determine, incorporate, and apply the most important elements of premarital education. The average premarital/remarital training will include approximately 7 sessions (2 hours each) of didactic material and interactive exercises; a therapeutic marital group will have approximately 6–10 weeks of sessions (1 hour per week).

    Instructions

    1. For the topic selection assignment, you will submit a 1–2-sentence statement describing the project’s specific topic.

    2. Gather ideas from course textbooks, marital therapy theorists, scholarly research, other peer-reviewed sources, and Scripture.

    3. Be sure the topic is appropriate for premarital/remarital counseling

    Examples could include, but are not limited to the following:

    1. A faith-based program.

    2. A premarital/remarital class that could be used in a church setting.

    3. A premarital/remarital counseling manual for couples.

    4. An entire program focused on one issue, such as sexuality/sex.

    Ensure your target audience and objectives are clear and appropriate.

    **## PremaritalProject-TopicSelectionGradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Topic 10 to >9 pts

    Advanced

    The statement is 1–2
    sentences and
    describes the
    project’s specific
    topic. The topic is
    appropriate for
    premarital/remarital
    counseling.

    9 to >7 pts

    Proficient

    The statement is
    1–2 sentences and
    describes the
    project’s topic. The
    topic can be
    tailored for a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling.

    7 to >5 pts

    Developing

    The statement is
    1–2 sentences and
    vaguely describes
    the project’s topic.
    Some more
    thought is needed
    to apply to a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling setting.

    5 to >0 pts

    Below
    Expectations

    The statement is
    unclear and does
    not describe
    applicability to a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling setting.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    10 pts

    Audience
    and
    Objectives

    10 to >9 pts

    Advanced

    The target audience
    and objectives are
    clear and
    appropriate. Ideas
    are gathered from
    appropriate sources,
    including course
    textbooks, scholarly
    research, and
    Scripture.

    9 to >7 pts

    Proficient

    Target audience is
    clear and
    objectives are
    appropriate. Ideas
    are gathered from
    appropriate
    sources.

    7 to >5 pts

    Developing

    Target audience
    and objectives
    need some clarity.
    Ideas are minimally
    supported by
    sources.

    5 to >0 pts

    Below
    Expectations

    Target audience
    and objectives are
    unclear. Sources
    are not utilized.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    10 pts

    Total Points: 20

    Premarital Project: Topic Selection Grading Rubric

    **Reading-WrightN.1992.ThePremaritalCounselingHandbook.Chapt.12.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-wrightn-1992-thepremaritalcounselinghandbook-chapt-12-pdf-10435527)

    **## Videos.docx**

    **Videos**

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-of-marriage?module_item_id=95299742](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-of-marriage?module_item_id=95299742)

    [https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-and-psychology-of-love?module_item_id=95299752](https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/848025/pages/watch-theology-and-psychology-of-love?module_item_id=95299752)

    **## Module2.docx**

    Module 2: Week 2 Introduction

    **Overview**

    This module will allow you to explore what the Bible has to say about marriage. An emphasis is placed on the design, purpose, and maintenance of marriage from a biblical worldview. Additionally, you will explore what the Bible and psychology teach about the nature of relational love.

    **Learning Outcomes**

    Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:

    · Communicate an understanding of a biblical view of marriage with comparison to other faiths and the dominant culture.

    · Identify the role that creation, the fall, and redemption have on the sexuality of men and women.

    · Articulate how the fall impacted the relational functioning of a couple.

    · Communicate a theology and psychology of the nature of love.

    **## Instructions-PremaritalProjectTopicSelectionAssignment.docx**

    EDCO 806

    **Premarital Project: Topic Selection Assignment Instructions**

    Overview

    This is beginning of your Premarital Project. Develop a curriculum or treatment manual (created in Microsoft Word) related to marital education/therapy intervention for premarital or remarital couples. This is an opportunity to determine, incorporate, and apply the most important elements of premarital education. The average premarital/remarital training will include approximately 7 sessions (2 hours each) of didactic material and interactive exercises; a therapeutic marital group will have approximately 6–10 weeks of sessions (1 hour per week).

    Instructions

    1. For the topic selection assignment, you will submit a 1–2-sentence statement describing the project’s specific topic.

    2. Gather ideas from course textbooks, marital therapy theorists, scholarly research, other peer-reviewed sources, and Scripture.

    3. Be sure the topic is appropriate for premarital/remarital counseling

    Examples could include, but are not limited to the following:

    1. A faith-based program.

    2. A premarital/remarital class that could be used in a church setting.

    3. A premarital/remarital counseling manual for couples.

    4. An entire program focused on one issue, such as sexuality/sex.

    Ensure your target audience and objectives are clear and appropriate.

    **## PremaritalProject-TopicSelectionGradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Topic 10 to >9 pts

    Advanced

    The statement is 1–2
    sentences and
    describes the
    project’s specific
    topic. The topic is
    appropriate for
    premarital/remarital
    counseling.

    9 to >7 pts

    Proficient

    The statement is
    1–2 sentences and
    describes the
    project’s topic. The
    topic can be
    tailored for a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling.

    7 to >5 pts

    Developing

    The statement is
    1–2 sentences and
    vaguely describes
    the project’s topic.
    Some more
    thought is needed
    to apply to a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling setting.

    5 to >0 pts

    Below
    Expectations

    The statement is
    unclear and does
    not describe
    applicability to a
    premarital/remarital
    counseling setting.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    10 pts

    Audience
    and
    Objectives

    10 to >9 pts

    Advanced

    The target audience
    and objectives are
    clear and
    appropriate. Ideas
    are gathered from
    appropriate sources,
    including course
    textbooks, scholarly
    research, and
    Scripture.

    9 to >7 pts

    Proficient

    Target audience is
    clear and
    objectives are
    appropriate. Ideas
    are gathered from
    appropriate
    sources.

    7 to >5 pts

    Developing

    Target audience
    and objectives
    need some clarity.
    Ideas are minimally
    supported by
    sources.

    5 to >0 pts

    Below
    Expectations

    Target audience
    and objectives are
    unclear. Sources
    are not utilized.

    0 pts

    Not
    Present

    10 pts

    Total Points: 20

    Premarital Project: Topic Selection Grading Rubric

    **Reading-WrightN.1992.ThePremaritalCounselingHandbook.Chapt.12.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/reading-wrightn-1992-thepremaritalcounselinghandbook-chapt-12-pdf-10435527)

    – 1
    – 2
    – 3
    – 4
    – 5

  • [Solved] PAEA

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

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  • [Solved] 7 slide PPT

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    DUE 10.8 5 PM EST – ## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx – ## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx – ## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx – ## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx** ## image2.jpg ## image1.jpg **## pptVideoDiscussionPres…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    DUE 10.8   5 PM EST

    – ## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx

    – ## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx

    – ## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx

    – ## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx

    **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx**

    ## image2.jpg

    ## image1.jpg

    **## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

    **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx**

    ## image2.jpg

    ## image1.jpg

    **## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

    **## 16×9-Solid-Red.pptx**

    ## image2.jpg

    ## image1.jpg

    **## pptVideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## VideoDiscussionPresentYourResearchAssignmentInstructions1.docx**

    COUC 515

    **Video Discussion: Present Your Research Assignment Instructions**

    You will complete one Video Discussion in this course. For this Video Discussion, you will share your completed research proposal in the format of a PowerPoint presentation with your classmates. You will create a narrated PowerPoint that includes each major point of your presentation and use it as a presentation template. Refer to this week’s Read and Watch materials before you prepare your presentation. The proposal narrated PowerPoint presentation must use Liberty sponsored slides for the entire PPT and include the following major points:

    1) Overview literature review (this is where you will present your argument for the need to fill the gap)

    2) Research questions

    3) The study design chosen and why

    4) Integration

    **You must provide your abstract and presentation in the body of your first post.** Your presentation must be concise yet thorough with highlighting the four points above in a narrated PowerPoint in video format. Please do not use YouTube to record your presentations, as these are not compliant with privacy. You may follow the prompts in the Discussion Resources to use Kaltura or record directly into Canvas.

    You must post your initial thread with the uploaded narrated PowerPoint by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. You must then post 2 video replies of 2 – 3 minutes by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For the first thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 scholarly citations in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in current APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years.

    **Please keep in mind that you will be graded on your presentation skills and presentation. Any specific feedback on the proposal’s design will be given on the
    **Benchmark Research Proposal Assignment.**

    **## BenchmarkResearchProposal1.docx**

    2

    **Benchmark Research Proposal**

    **Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies,**

    **Author Note,**

    I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.

    Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to

    Email to:

    **Literature Review**

    Addiction recovery is one of the greatest issues in counseling clients. Moreover, the issue is even more complicated when the client experiences an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and has a mental condition as well. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients, according to research have poorer recovery outcomes compared to others. This is where the individual is also affected by a mental disorder. This can be a depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Marel et al. 2019). Clients who have comorbidities will tend to relapse frequently. They also struggle to remain in treatment and stay abstinent in general. In this respect, the optimal manner of facilitating recovery among this population is an important clinical problem.

    Formal treatment should be supplemented with such support groups as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery. These are groups that are classified as peer recovery support groups. Developed in the 1930s, Alcoholics Anonymous presents a 12-step model that has spiritual foundations, which involves surrender to a superior power, friendship and further peer support. Various researchers indicate that AA attendance results in the production of better abstinence results, enhanced psychosocial functions, and lower chances of relapse (Kelly et al., 2020). The spiritual orientation and low-structure approach will not suit everyone, particularly the secular, or those who seek evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral approaches.

    SMART Recovery is a newer method capable of addressing this issue although it’s not faith-based. It trains the clients on self-management skills to deal with cravings and avoid relapse. It is founded on CBT and motivational therapy. With self-empowerment, independence, and realistic plans, SMART empowers human beings to transform their lifestyle. Kelly et al. (2023) demonstrated that SMART Recovery members can be psychosocially more stable at the entry of the treatment compared to AA members. This may be an indication of self-selection. The differences between the two programs in terms of their philosophy, structure, and appeal are therefore likely to produce different outcomes in the clients with comorbid psychiatric disorders although the peer support provided is similar.

    There is a literature gap on this issue as the past literature has narrowed generalization due to the past findings. This is according to Kelly et al. (2023) who used a sample selected in Boston and San Diego. Consequently, there was doubt of whether the results can be extrapolated both nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the greater part of data collection was during the COVID-19 pandemic that might have affected the attendance, the access to meetings, and the psychological needs of participants. Additional longitudinal trials will allow scientists to find out whether the impact of AA and SMART Recovery is lasting in the long run and in various groups, in particular, deviated sub-groups.

    Simply, the literature determines the significance of peer recovery programs in treatment among AUD clients, but fails to explain how they compare among clients with mental disorders. This paper will fill this gap by investigating long-term abstinence rates of individuals who attended AA, SMART Recovery or both and those with comorbid diagnoses. The study recommendations will make their contribution to the counseling profession by enlightening the program units and formulating recovery approaches depending on the needs of the clients.

    **Method**

    How does peer recovery support treatment (e.g., SMART Recovery and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)) of alcohol use disorder (AUD)-patients with co-morbidity mental disorders achieve long-term abstinence outcome? The significance of this question is that it directly talks about an underserved clinical group, and appraises commonly accessible interventions that counselors frequently prescribe. The study will adopt a type of quasi-experimental longitudinal design. The participants will be selected in diverse regions of the U.S., such as urban and rural areas. The kind of peer recovery support program will be varied (e.g., SMART Recovery, AA, both or none). Dependent variables will be:

    1. Rates of sustained abstinence over 12–24 months, measured by participant self-report and verified through periodic breathalyzer or toxicology screenings.

    2. Severity of relapse, which is measured in terms of the frequency and intensity of drinking, after initial abstinence.

    3. Quality of life measures, measured with validated measures, including WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale.

    Participants will include adults between 21 and 65 years who have an alcohol use disorder with at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Participants will be recruited through the use of treatment centers, community outreach and referrals through the program. The data will be gathered at the baseline and then 12 and 24 months. The quantitative and qualitative data collection will be carried out using structured interviews and clinical records. The instruments whose Cronbach alpha is greater than 80 will be chosen. Repeated measures ANOVA will be used in the study to compare groups in terms of abstinence and quality of life outcomes across time. Regression models will also be used to investigate how the moderating effects of types and severity of comorbidity influence outcomes. Qualitative data that will be collected in the form of interviews will be analyzed through thematic analysis.

    **Integration**

    This study has a significant impact on the counseling profession. It ensues counselors are better equipped to provide evidence-based recommendations to clients with comorbid disorders. On the contrary, when both programs are applicable, the clients could be given an option on which of the programs is better aligned to their values, culture, and treatment goals. Equally, knowledge of the obstacles to participation like socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, or stigmatization associated with certain program philosophies will assist the counselors in suggesting a client to a better alternative.

    The theological ideas of restoration, healing and community support are the basis of this research proposal. The Bible repeatedly emphasizes the need to assist one another, and bear burdens of others. An example of this can be found in Galatians 6:2 that states: by bearing one another burdens, in this manner shall ye fulfil the law of Christ. This principle is implemented by the provision of peer-based recovery programs, such as spiritually based programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, and secular-based programs, such as SMART Recovery, where collective accountability and learning collectively are used. Such places help people to gather together and exchange experiences of hardships and support one another. The ultimate aim of the two programs is to ensure sobriety, which is assisting members in the process of their recovery.

    This research will help in developing a comprehensive model of care including biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors of the counseling profession by increasing their knowledge of effective interventions of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their comorbidities. The findings can be utilized to illuminate the biblical worth of the care and inclusion whereby recovery support is provided to all regardless of cultural, belief, or socioeconomic orientation.

    **References**

    Kelly, J. F., Fallah-Sohy, N., Cristello, J., Stout, R. L., Jason, L. A., Hoeppner, B. B., Bergman, B. G. & White, W. L. (2023). Who affiliates with SMART Recovery? Involves comparing people who go to SMART Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, both, or neither. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(10), 1939.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164](https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.15164).

    Keith, J. F., Humphries, K., and Perry, M. (2020). Programs like Alcoholics Anonymous help people who drink too much. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD012880.
    [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2).

    Marel, C., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., et al. (2019). Relapse to alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conditional probabilities. Addiction, 114(12), 2070–2082.
    [https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727](https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14727).

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  • [Solved] week 6 discussion

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    After reading the chapter written by Baron and Kenny as well as MacKinnon, what are the properties of mediator and moderator variables? What are the differences? Why is it important to be able to distinguish the differences? As part of your original post, please find one article in your area of inte…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    After reading the chapter written by Baron and Kenny as well as MacKinnon, what are the properties of mediator and moderator variables? What are the differences? Why is it important to be able to distinguish the differences? As part of your original post, please find one article in your area of interest that used a mediator or moderator model and provide a brief description of the article. Make sure to attach the original articles that you described. The article should have a method and results section.
    **Note:** Be sure to identify the IV, DV, and Mediator or Moderator in each article.

  • [Solved] Discussion replies

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    Executive Solution Overview

    175 words each post 1 In the US, the way society views race, class, and gender plays a significant role in shaping people’s experiences and identities. **Race** is often seen through a combination of historical, cultural and structural lens that has created a hierarchy, where certain groups, such as…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    175 words each
    post 1
    In the US, the way society views race, class, and gender plays a significant role in shaping people’s experiences and identities. **Race** is often seen through a combination of historical, cultural and structural lens that has created a hierarchy, where certain groups, such as Caucasians have been privileged while people of color have faced discrimination and systemic barriers. For example, people of color may encounter stereotypes, racial profiling, or unequal access to education and job opportunities. **Class** is usually tied to income and social status, which affects the kinds of opportunities people receive, the neighborhoods they live in, and even how others perceive and treat them in terms of worth and capability. **Gender** perceptions are influenced by long-standing norms and expectations, like the idea that women should take on caregiving roles or that men shouldn’t show vulnerability. These ideas still influence pay gaps, leadership opportunities, and everyday interactions.
    These perceptions can deeply affect one's psychological development. Growing up in an environment where your race, class, or gender affects how others see and treat you can shape your self-esteem, confidence, and sense of identity. For instance, a young girl of color from a low-income background might internalize negative stereotypes or feel out of place in certain academic spaces, which can impact how she views her potential, her self-esteem and sense of belonging. Conversely, people who grow up with more privilege might not always recognize the advantages they have, which can influence their worldview and interactions with others. Over time, these experiences shape how we see ourselves, how we relate to others, and how we navigate society. As Keith (2019) notes, cultural perceptions and societal structures strongly influence psychological development, shaping identity formation, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships.
    **Reference:**
    Keith, K. D. (2019). _Cross-Cultural Psychology: Contemporary themes and perspectives_ (3rd ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
    post 2
    **Since the definition of culture encompasses many aspects and various social dynamics, rules, values, beliefs, norms and behaviors, these become attitudes surrounding or toward the world around the individual to develop the social culture.**
    **Race in US society today has shifted and progressively since the civil rights movement. Social class is linked with economic status and opportunity, as a society there is an emphasis on individual success and achievement. Wealth inequality for available access to good healthcare and education remain limited to the resource accessibility. Since the feminist movements and continued strides in the LGBTQ communities there have been major shifts and social acceptance for gender differences. Traditional gender roles have and continue to be challenged.**
    **Race, class and gender do not operate independently, they intersect to produce unique experiences of privilege and discrimination. Intersectionality helps explain how the various identities combine to shape people’s individual and social realities.**
    **The social links of race, class and gender on my own psychological development was quite challenging growing up. I am a multicultural and multi-raced female with homes in both a rural area and city in the middle and lower classes of society. There were many identity challenges growing up in the 90’s with influences from small town closed-minded social views and a vast inclusive expansion of cultures in a city.**
    **Keith, K. D. (2019). Cross-Cultural psychology (2nd ed.). Wiley.**

  • [Solved] Milestones Developmental Psych

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  • [Solved] DIS 1

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    Attached – ## 1.docx – ## rubric.docx **## 1.docx** DO NOT USE CHAT GPT OR ANY OTHER THAT PLATAFORM THAT CAN COMPROMISE YOUR GRADE. [Discussion 1](https://uwf.instructure.com/courses/63893/discussion_topics/802529) **-** This assignment will use the Assignment Rubric. Your original posts and respons…

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    Attached

    – ## 1.docx

    – ## rubric.docx

    **## 1.docx**

    DO NOT USE CHAT GPT OR ANY OTHER THAT PLATAFORM THAT CAN COMPROMISE YOUR GRADE.

    [Discussion 1](https://uwf.instructure.com/courses/63893/discussion_topics/802529) **-** This assignment will use the Assignment Rubric. Your original posts and responses are to be reflective of the current literature, clearly state your position, and be brief but thorough. Your responses should also be respectful of the person whose post you are responding to. In this discussion will focus on student success and the practices that promote success such as UDL. These practices can be reflective of what classrooms , workplace and home settings. Some of the questions: How do we define success? How do we create an environment that will be conducive for success? What practices encourage students and promote success and discourage students from succeeding? Each student is to make a minimum of 2 substantive posts (it can be two posts on the same subject or two independent posts)  and 2 replies (it can be 2 replies to the same person or to two different people).  Discussions cannot be made up or substituted with another assignment.

    **## rubric.docx**

    **General Rubric For All Assignments**

    This rubric will be used in evaluating the quality of your discussion contributions and written assignments. Numeric values are not assigned to the categories as they change according to the value of the assignment. I want to see well thought out and referenced ideas, not opinion based on experience. Experience is a wonderful thing, but in this course we will stick to researched facts from your text and peer-reviewed articles.

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | **Criteria                                                                     Ratings** |
    | | | | | |
    | **Grasp of readings** | **Excellent**<br>Writing and oral expression represents researched perspective, evidence and conclusions accurately, fairly, and eloquently; Demonstrates a firm understanding of the implications of researched arguments. | **Good**<br>Writing and oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions accurately but with little detail. | **Developing**<br>Writing and oral presentation mostly represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions though not clearly and/or there are minor inaccuracies. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Writing and/or poor oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and/or conclusions. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Critical analysis** | **Excellent**<br>Presents a clear, focused, and compelling position. Recognizes and presents the complexity of the issue. | **Good**<br>Position/opinions articulated well but needs more support and refining. | **Developing**<br>Analysis and thought are limited. Lacks support from research. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Vague and general comments. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Evidence** | **Excellent**<br>Evidence is cited, detailed, and well-chosen. Evidence is clearly articulated. | **Good**<br>Evidence is well chosen but not well articulated, is not particularly presented and not clearly substantiated. | **Developing**<br>Evidence is weak and lacking in detail.<br>Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Evidence does not support ideas. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Organization & Clarity** | **Excellent**<br>Thoughts flow logically with good transitions, including supported research. | **Good**<br>Thoughts are mostly well-structured and mostly presented clearly. | **Developing**<br>Jumps from one idea to another without structure, transitions or connections. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Thoughts are not presented logically. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Mechanics** | **Excellent**<br>When applicable, thoughts/paper are appropriately organized using APA format throughout. There are no incomplete or run on sentences. No spelling or grammar issues. | **Good**<br>Thoughts/paper is appropriately organized with only minor grammatical issues. | **Developing**<br>There are many formatting, spelling, word usage and grammar issues. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Unacceptable. There are incomplete and/or run-on sentence(s). Thoughts are characterized by spelling and grammar errors. |
    | | | | | |

    **## rubric.docx**

    **General Rubric For All Assignments**

    This rubric will be used in evaluating the quality of your discussion contributions and written assignments. Numeric values are not assigned to the categories as they change according to the value of the assignment. I want to see well thought out and referenced ideas, not opinion based on experience. Experience is a wonderful thing, but in this course we will stick to researched facts from your text and peer-reviewed articles.

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | **Criteria                                                                     Ratings** |
    | | | | | |
    | **Grasp of readings** | **Excellent**<br>Writing and oral expression represents researched perspective, evidence and conclusions accurately, fairly, and eloquently; Demonstrates a firm understanding of the implications of researched arguments. | **Good**<br>Writing and oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions accurately but with little detail. | **Developing**<br>Writing and oral presentation mostly represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions though not clearly and/or there are minor inaccuracies. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Writing and/or poor oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and/or conclusions. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Critical analysis** | **Excellent**<br>Presents a clear, focused, and compelling position. Recognizes and presents the complexity of the issue. | **Good**<br>Position/opinions articulated well but needs more support and refining. | **Developing**<br>Analysis and thought are limited. Lacks support from research. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Vague and general comments. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Evidence** | **Excellent**<br>Evidence is cited, detailed, and well-chosen. Evidence is clearly articulated. | **Good**<br>Evidence is well chosen but not well articulated, is not particularly presented and not clearly substantiated. | **Developing**<br>Evidence is weak and lacking in detail.<br>Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Evidence does not support ideas. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Organization & Clarity** | **Excellent**<br>Thoughts flow logically with good transitions, including supported research. | **Good**<br>Thoughts are mostly well-structured and mostly presented clearly. | **Developing**<br>Jumps from one idea to another without structure, transitions or connections. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Thoughts are not presented logically. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Mechanics** | **Excellent**<br>When applicable, thoughts/paper are appropriately organized using APA format throughout. There are no incomplete or run on sentences. No spelling or grammar issues. | **Good**<br>Thoughts/paper is appropriately organized with only minor grammatical issues. | **Developing**<br>There are many formatting, spelling, word usage and grammar issues. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Unacceptable. There are incomplete and/or run-on sentence(s). Thoughts are characterized by spelling and grammar errors. |
    | | | | | |

    **## 1.docx**

    DO NOT USE CHAT GPT OR ANY OTHER THAT PLATAFORM THAT CAN COMPROMISE YOUR GRADE.

    [Discussion 1](https://uwf.instructure.com/courses/63893/discussion_topics/802529) **-** This assignment will use the Assignment Rubric. Your original posts and responses are to be reflective of the current literature, clearly state your position, and be brief but thorough. Your responses should also be respectful of the person whose post you are responding to. In this discussion will focus on student success and the practices that promote success such as UDL. These practices can be reflective of what classrooms , workplace and home settings. Some of the questions: How do we define success? How do we create an environment that will be conducive for success? What practices encourage students and promote success and discourage students from succeeding? Each student is to make a minimum of 2 substantive posts (it can be two posts on the same subject or two independent posts)  and 2 replies (it can be 2 replies to the same person or to two different people).  Discussions cannot be made up or substituted with another assignment.

    **## rubric.docx**

    **General Rubric For All Assignments**

    This rubric will be used in evaluating the quality of your discussion contributions and written assignments. Numeric values are not assigned to the categories as they change according to the value of the assignment. I want to see well thought out and referenced ideas, not opinion based on experience. Experience is a wonderful thing, but in this course we will stick to researched facts from your text and peer-reviewed articles.

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | **Criteria                                                                     Ratings** |
    | | | | | |
    | **Grasp of readings** | **Excellent**<br>Writing and oral expression represents researched perspective, evidence and conclusions accurately, fairly, and eloquently; Demonstrates a firm understanding of the implications of researched arguments. | **Good**<br>Writing and oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions accurately but with little detail. | **Developing**<br>Writing and oral presentation mostly represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions though not clearly and/or there are minor inaccuracies. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Writing and/or poor oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and/or conclusions. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Critical analysis** | **Excellent**<br>Presents a clear, focused, and compelling position. Recognizes and presents the complexity of the issue. | **Good**<br>Position/opinions articulated well but needs more support and refining. | **Developing**<br>Analysis and thought are limited. Lacks support from research. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Vague and general comments. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Evidence** | **Excellent**<br>Evidence is cited, detailed, and well-chosen. Evidence is clearly articulated. | **Good**<br>Evidence is well chosen but not well articulated, is not particularly presented and not clearly substantiated. | **Developing**<br>Evidence is weak and lacking in detail.<br>Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Evidence does not support ideas. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Organization & Clarity** | **Excellent**<br>Thoughts flow logically with good transitions, including supported research. | **Good**<br>Thoughts are mostly well-structured and mostly presented clearly. | **Developing**<br>Jumps from one idea to another without structure, transitions or connections. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Thoughts are not presented logically. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Mechanics** | **Excellent**<br>When applicable, thoughts/paper are appropriately organized using APA format throughout. There are no incomplete or run on sentences. No spelling or grammar issues. | **Good**<br>Thoughts/paper is appropriately organized with only minor grammatical issues. | **Developing**<br>There are many formatting, spelling, word usage and grammar issues. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Unacceptable. There are incomplete and/or run-on sentence(s). Thoughts are characterized by spelling and grammar errors. |
    | | | | | |

    **## 1.docx**

    DO NOT USE CHAT GPT OR ANY OTHER THAT PLATAFORM THAT CAN COMPROMISE YOUR GRADE.

    [Discussion 1](https://uwf.instructure.com/courses/63893/discussion_topics/802529) **-** This assignment will use the Assignment Rubric. Your original posts and responses are to be reflective of the current literature, clearly state your position, and be brief but thorough. Your responses should also be respectful of the person whose post you are responding to. In this discussion will focus on student success and the practices that promote success such as UDL. These practices can be reflective of what classrooms , workplace and home settings. Some of the questions: How do we define success? How do we create an environment that will be conducive for success? What practices encourage students and promote success and discourage students from succeeding? Each student is to make a minimum of 2 substantive posts (it can be two posts on the same subject or two independent posts)  and 2 replies (it can be 2 replies to the same person or to two different people).  Discussions cannot be made up or substituted with another assignment.

    **## rubric.docx**

    **General Rubric For All Assignments**

    This rubric will be used in evaluating the quality of your discussion contributions and written assignments. Numeric values are not assigned to the categories as they change according to the value of the assignment. I want to see well thought out and referenced ideas, not opinion based on experience. Experience is a wonderful thing, but in this course we will stick to researched facts from your text and peer-reviewed articles.

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | | **Criteria                                                                     Ratings** |
    | | | | | |
    | **Grasp of readings** | **Excellent**<br>Writing and oral expression represents researched perspective, evidence and conclusions accurately, fairly, and eloquently; Demonstrates a firm understanding of the implications of researched arguments. | **Good**<br>Writing and oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions accurately but with little detail. | **Developing**<br>Writing and oral presentation mostly represents the researched perspective, evidence, and conclusions though not clearly and/or there are minor inaccuracies. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Writing and/or poor oral presentation represents the researched perspective, evidence, and/or conclusions. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Critical analysis** | **Excellent**<br>Presents a clear, focused, and compelling position. Recognizes and presents the complexity of the issue. | **Good**<br>Position/opinions articulated well but needs more support and refining. | **Developing**<br>Analysis and thought are limited. Lacks support from research. Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Vague and general comments. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Evidence** | **Excellent**<br>Evidence is cited, detailed, and well-chosen. Evidence is clearly articulated. | **Good**<br>Evidence is well chosen but not well articulated, is not particularly presented and not clearly substantiated. | **Developing**<br>Evidence is weak and lacking in detail.<br>Some opinion. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Evidence does not support ideas. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Organization & Clarity** | **Excellent**<br>Thoughts flow logically with good transitions, including supported research. | **Good**<br>Thoughts are mostly well-structured and mostly presented clearly. | **Developing**<br>Jumps from one idea to another without structure, transitions or connections. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Thoughts are not presented logically. Mostly opinion. |
    | | | | | |
    | **Mechanics** | **Excellent**<br>When applicable, thoughts/paper are appropriately organized using APA format throughout. There are no incomplete or run on sentences. No spelling or grammar issues. | **Good**<br>Thoughts/paper is appropriately organized with only minor grammatical issues. | **Developing**<br>There are many formatting, spelling, word usage and grammar issues. | **Needs Improvement**<br>Unacceptable. There are incomplete and/or run-on sentence(s). Thoughts are characterized by spelling and grammar errors. |
    | | | | | |

    – 1
    – 2

  • [Solved] ASU

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    \ PleasevisittheMontgomeryInterpretiveCenterlocatedneartheASU.png](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/pleasevisitthemontgomeryinterpretivecenterlocatedneartheasu-png-10419605 "PleasevisittheMontgomeryInterpretiveCenterlocatedneartheASU.png")

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    \
    PleasevisittheMontgomeryInterpretiveCenterlocatedneartheASU.png](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/pleasevisitthemontgomeryinterpretivecenterlocatedneartheasu-png-10419605 "PleasevisittheMontgomeryInterpretiveCenterlocatedneartheASU.png")

  • [Solved] MSW 531 MODULE 8

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    – ## MSW531MODULE8INSTRUCTIONS.docx – ## THEORIES1MSW531MODULE4—–.docx **## MSW531MODULE8INSTRUCTIONS.docx** McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2020). Social work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention (5th ed.). Pearson. · Chapter **1:** The Context of Social Work Practi…

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    – ## MSW531MODULE8INSTRUCTIONS.docx

    – ## THEORIES1MSW531MODULE4—–.docx

    **## MSW531MODULE8INSTRUCTIONS.docx**

    McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2020). Social work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention (5th ed.). Pearson.

    · Chapter
    **1:** The Context of Social Work Practice with Older Adults,
    **pp 8-18**

    · Chapter
    **12**: Working with Older Adults’ Support Systems in Caregiving

    Ferraro, K., & Wilmoth, J. (Eds.) (2013). Gerontology: Perspectives and Issues (4th ed.). Springer.

    · Chapter
    **13:** Gerontological Social Work: Meeting the Needs of Elders and Their Families

    ##### **Guidelines**

    Describe how this older adult illustrates three key concepts or theories from the course, using verbatim excerpts from your interview. Conclude with reflections on the personal impact of this interview on your own understanding of aging and implications for social work with older adults.

    **Develop 8 to 10** **- Open-Ended Interview Questions** **( NO- yes/no questions**) and cover the areas of aging discussed in the course. You are free to focus on particular areas rather than being comprehensive.

    Try to focus not only on the effects of biological, cognitive, social, or emotional changes but also on how your subject has responded to them.

    Your interview can be in-person, via phone, or video.

    Take notes as your subject responds, using their own words. You may need to ask them to pause so you can record some of their responses verbatim. You can go beyond your initial interview questions to ask follow-up questions that lead to richer responses.

    ##### **Grading Criteria**

    Your paper will be graded on the richness of responses you elicited, how you relate these responses to theories and concepts, the depth of your personal reflections, and implications for social work practice. By depth, we mean going beyond repetition of learning to analysis and synthesis.

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | **Category** | | **Description** |
    | **Questions and Responses** | | Interview questions are designed to elicit meaningful responses relevant to aging processes, and subject responses are rich in evidence illustrating these processes. |
    | **Conceptual Integration** | | Concepts of aging from the course are related to the subject's responses and are integrated into a whole that explains the subject's aging experience. |
    | **Personal Reflection** | | Implications of the interview for your own evolving understanding of the aging process are explored in depth. |
    | **Practice Implications** | | Explore in depth the interview's implications for the practice of social work with older adults in terms of process and content. |

    **Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | Outcome: Questions and Responses | Interview questions are very well designed to elicit meaningful<br>responses relevant to the processes of aging, and subject responses are rich in<br>evidence illustrating these processes.<br>. | 20 pts |
    | Outcome Conceptual Integration | Concepts of aging from the course are consistently connected to the subject’s<br>responses and are integrated into a whole that consistently explains the subject’s experience of aging. | 30 pts |
    | Outcome: Personal Reflection | Implications of the interview for your own evolving understanding of the aging process are explored in depth. | 30 pts |
    | Outcome Practice Implications | Implications of the interview for the practice of social work with older adults, <br>both in terms of process and content, are explored in depth.<br>. | 30 pts |

    **## THEORIES1MSW531MODULE4—–.docx**

    **THEORIES**

    **Prescriptive Theories of Psychosocial Aging**

    As discussed in McInnis-Dittrick (2020), prescriptive theories of successful aging.

    **How should we adapt to the forces of change that come with aging?** Each theory has a rather monolithic answer to that question. Explore these theories below.

    Activity Theory (Havighurst, 1961)

    According to Activity Theory, when older adults stay connected to their social environments, and can both depend on others and be depended upon, they experience more positive paths through the aging process. An older lesbian couple known to the author has become more isolated for several reasons: being gay makes them more guarded in forming connections in a largely conservative community; health problems often keep them at home; and they find many of their social needs are met through each other and through the healthcare providers that make home visits. The partner with the more debilitating health problems became depressed, but when her wife went through cancer treatment, she became more functional and less depressed as she took on a caregiving role within the constraints of her own health.

    Role Theory (Turner, 1978)

    When older adults lose roles like employee, active parent, or spouse, role theory predicts that they will be happier and more fulfilled if they can shift into new roles that provide meaning and relationship. For example, an older adult known to the author retired early from work in the deli section of a supermarket when his health worsened. He became adept at digital art and shared it on a social media platform and enjoyed receiving accolades from around the world.

    Atchley, 1989)

    This theory is a synthesis of Activity Theory and Role Theory, with a dash of Disengagement Theory thrown in. It hypothesizes that in order to be happy, older adults must both strive to maintain roles and activities, but also develop the ability to creatively adapt to changes and relinquish roles and activities that no longer fit. The examples given above under each theory also fit here. Another: an older African-American man who was hospitalized for altered mental status and discharged to an Assisted Living Facility where he was the only Black resident and overheard racial slurs, recovered his cognitive faculties, exercised diligently, and was able to go back to his home in a rural area and maintain relationships through the phone, visits from neighbors, and paid caregivers.

    How would you Integrate the Prescriptive Theories?

    compare your answer to an expert's suggestion. What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** Expert suggestion:"As our roles and capabilities change with age, we can best adapt by letting go of roles, relationships, and activities that are no longer possible or beneficial, while embracing those that we will find most rewarding – many of which will be a continuation of our lifelong interests, values, and strengths."

    \*\*\**************************************************************************************

    **Descriptive** Theories of Psychosocial Aging

    Descriptive theories of psychosocial aging seek to capture people's lived experiences in a social context and avoid placing all of the burden of success on the individual.

    **_How do we adapt to the challenges of aging in a world that is socially constructed?_**

    Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966)

    Although Role Theory, Activity Theory, and Continuity Theory implicitly advocate for the importance of meaningful relationships and activities, Social Constructionism places the act of social meaning-making at the center of psychosocial aging. The uneasy relationship between imposed narratives from society, and those that are authored by the individual, determines how older adults understand and navigate their lives. Social meanings, rather than deterministic relationships among variables, are the drivers of life, and must be understood from the older adult’s perspective.

    When the author realized that a family patriarch's diagnosis of dementia threatened a whole family’s organization, the author began to listen to family stories about the gifts and values of the patriarch and help family members build on them. Formerly a master gardener, this patriarch now discovered beautiful stones laid out in the backyard. He collected them and they were placed in a new pattern the next day. It wasn’t important for the family to accept the diagnosis, but to help their father and grandfather maintain a sense of dignity that in turn made them feel continuity in the family structure.

    The Life Course Perspective (Elder, 1985)

    This theoretical approach marries well with Social Constructionism, but turns its sites backward in time, to see how timing, processes, and context – events and circumstances together with individual and family interpretations and responses – have shaped life patterns leading up to the present moment. Advantages and disadvantages based on social and economic inequality are incorporated but are not seen as fixed variables given the human capacity to grown through adversity.

    The GI Bill, which has allowed qualifying veterans to pursue higher education with free tuition since World War II, has changed the life course of many people and their families. Yet the identity of “college student” is not as easy to embrace for those whose academic self-concept was never positive, whether due to a poor fit with the educational approach of the times, or internalized racist myths of mental inferiority.

    The Person-Environment Perspective (Lawton, 1989)

    In contrast to the prescriptive theories’ focus on the individual as responsible for their own adaptation, the Person-Environment Perspective sees the importance of the social and physical environment itself as a source of limitations and possibilities, and as a target for change.

    For example, the simple addition of a ramp from the door to the driveway often helps to restore older adults’ connection to the community when they are no longer able to safely negotiate stairs. One couple insisted that their new ramp be built so that the stairs were still accessible, so that they could go up the stairs to re-enter their home and maintain some strength in their legs – a key to fall prevention and, had they known it, one protective factor against dementia.

    SOC theory: Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990)

    Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation. As adults age, they narrow their interests, activities and relationships to conserve energy, optimize what is still available to them, and compensate for losses with alternatives. An example might be sitting with the same people at dinner every night in an assisted living facility, getting to know one’s dining companions well and forming trusting relationships, and compensating for an embarrassing difficulty feeding one’s self with Parkinson’s-related tremors by using weighted utensils and choosing less messy foods.

    Queer Theory (Jagose, 1996)

    In his early 60s, the man in a heterosexual couple was finally able to embrace his identity as a woman and underwent top surgery. She and her wife divorced, but later, as the transgender woman’s health declined, her ex-wife moved back in and assumed the roles of caregiver and best friend. Queer Theory evolved from deconstructionism to confront the biases and social norms that would pathologize such lives by calling into question the binary categories most of us assume are just “the way things are.”

    By understanding and applying Queer Theory to gerontology, social workers can be open to and celebrate the gender diversity and fluidity that exists, while being sensitive to the extra barriers and internalized negative self-concepts that people of older generations often face.

    How would you integrate the Descriptive theories?

    Can we combine these theories into one integrative perspective?

    What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** How we adapt to the challenges of aging depends on where we come from, how we construct the narrative of our lives, how we make meaning of the present social context, and how we continually create our identities as we negotiate between societal stories and our lived experiences. "

    **## THEORIES1MSW531MODULE4—–.docx**

    **THEORIES**

    **Prescriptive Theories of Psychosocial Aging**

    As discussed in McInnis-Dittrick (2020), prescriptive theories of successful aging.

    **How should we adapt to the forces of change that come with aging?** Each theory has a rather monolithic answer to that question. Explore these theories below.

    Activity Theory (Havighurst, 1961)

    According to Activity Theory, when older adults stay connected to their social environments, and can both depend on others and be depended upon, they experience more positive paths through the aging process. An older lesbian couple known to the author has become more isolated for several reasons: being gay makes them more guarded in forming connections in a largely conservative community; health problems often keep them at home; and they find many of their social needs are met through each other and through the healthcare providers that make home visits. The partner with the more debilitating health problems became depressed, but when her wife went through cancer treatment, she became more functional and less depressed as she took on a caregiving role within the constraints of her own health.

    Role Theory (Turner, 1978)

    When older adults lose roles like employee, active parent, or spouse, role theory predicts that they will be happier and more fulfilled if they can shift into new roles that provide meaning and relationship. For example, an older adult known to the author retired early from work in the deli section of a supermarket when his health worsened. He became adept at digital art and shared it on a social media platform and enjoyed receiving accolades from around the world.

    Atchley, 1989)

    This theory is a synthesis of Activity Theory and Role Theory, with a dash of Disengagement Theory thrown in. It hypothesizes that in order to be happy, older adults must both strive to maintain roles and activities, but also develop the ability to creatively adapt to changes and relinquish roles and activities that no longer fit. The examples given above under each theory also fit here. Another: an older African-American man who was hospitalized for altered mental status and discharged to an Assisted Living Facility where he was the only Black resident and overheard racial slurs, recovered his cognitive faculties, exercised diligently, and was able to go back to his home in a rural area and maintain relationships through the phone, visits from neighbors, and paid caregivers.

    How would you Integrate the Prescriptive Theories?

    compare your answer to an expert's suggestion. What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** Expert suggestion:"As our roles and capabilities change with age, we can best adapt by letting go of roles, relationships, and activities that are no longer possible or beneficial, while embracing those that we will find most rewarding – many of which will be a continuation of our lifelong interests, values, and strengths."

    \*\*\**************************************************************************************

    **Descriptive** Theories of Psychosocial Aging

    Descriptive theories of psychosocial aging seek to capture people's lived experiences in a social context and avoid placing all of the burden of success on the individual.

    **_How do we adapt to the challenges of aging in a world that is socially constructed?_**

    Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966)

    Although Role Theory, Activity Theory, and Continuity Theory implicitly advocate for the importance of meaningful relationships and activities, Social Constructionism places the act of social meaning-making at the center of psychosocial aging. The uneasy relationship between imposed narratives from society, and those that are authored by the individual, determines how older adults understand and navigate their lives. Social meanings, rather than deterministic relationships among variables, are the drivers of life, and must be understood from the older adult’s perspective.

    When the author realized that a family patriarch's diagnosis of dementia threatened a whole family’s organization, the author began to listen to family stories about the gifts and values of the patriarch and help family members build on them. Formerly a master gardener, this patriarch now discovered beautiful stones laid out in the backyard. He collected them and they were placed in a new pattern the next day. It wasn’t important for the family to accept the diagnosis, but to help their father and grandfather maintain a sense of dignity that in turn made them feel continuity in the family structure.

    The Life Course Perspective (Elder, 1985)

    This theoretical approach marries well with Social Constructionism, but turns its sites backward in time, to see how timing, processes, and context – events and circumstances together with individual and family interpretations and responses – have shaped life patterns leading up to the present moment. Advantages and disadvantages based on social and economic inequality are incorporated but are not seen as fixed variables given the human capacity to grown through adversity.

    The GI Bill, which has allowed qualifying veterans to pursue higher education with free tuition since World War II, has changed the life course of many people and their families. Yet the identity of “college student” is not as easy to embrace for those whose academic self-concept was never positive, whether due to a poor fit with the educational approach of the times, or internalized racist myths of mental inferiority.

    The Person-Environment Perspective (Lawton, 1989)

    In contrast to the prescriptive theories’ focus on the individual as responsible for their own adaptation, the Person-Environment Perspective sees the importance of the social and physical environment itself as a source of limitations and possibilities, and as a target for change.

    For example, the simple addition of a ramp from the door to the driveway often helps to restore older adults’ connection to the community when they are no longer able to safely negotiate stairs. One couple insisted that their new ramp be built so that the stairs were still accessible, so that they could go up the stairs to re-enter their home and maintain some strength in their legs – a key to fall prevention and, had they known it, one protective factor against dementia.

    SOC theory: Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990)

    Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation. As adults age, they narrow their interests, activities and relationships to conserve energy, optimize what is still available to them, and compensate for losses with alternatives. An example might be sitting with the same people at dinner every night in an assisted living facility, getting to know one’s dining companions well and forming trusting relationships, and compensating for an embarrassing difficulty feeding one’s self with Parkinson’s-related tremors by using weighted utensils and choosing less messy foods.

    Queer Theory (Jagose, 1996)

    In his early 60s, the man in a heterosexual couple was finally able to embrace his identity as a woman and underwent top surgery. She and her wife divorced, but later, as the transgender woman’s health declined, her ex-wife moved back in and assumed the roles of caregiver and best friend. Queer Theory evolved from deconstructionism to confront the biases and social norms that would pathologize such lives by calling into question the binary categories most of us assume are just “the way things are.”

    By understanding and applying Queer Theory to gerontology, social workers can be open to and celebrate the gender diversity and fluidity that exists, while being sensitive to the extra barriers and internalized negative self-concepts that people of older generations often face.

    How would you integrate the Descriptive theories?

    Can we combine these theories into one integrative perspective?

    What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** How we adapt to the challenges of aging depends on where we come from, how we construct the narrative of our lives, how we make meaning of the present social context, and how we continually create our identities as we negotiate between societal stories and our lived experiences. "

    **## MSW531MODULE8INSTRUCTIONS.docx**

    McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2020). Social work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention (5th ed.). Pearson.

    · Chapter
    **1:** The Context of Social Work Practice with Older Adults,
    **pp 8-18**

    · Chapter
    **12**: Working with Older Adults’ Support Systems in Caregiving

    Ferraro, K., & Wilmoth, J. (Eds.) (2013). Gerontology: Perspectives and Issues (4th ed.). Springer.

    · Chapter
    **13:** Gerontological Social Work: Meeting the Needs of Elders and Their Families

    ##### **Guidelines**

    Describe how this older adult illustrates three key concepts or theories from the course, using verbatim excerpts from your interview. Conclude with reflections on the personal impact of this interview on your own understanding of aging and implications for social work with older adults.

    **Develop 8 to 10** **- Open-Ended Interview Questions** **( NO- yes/no questions**) and cover the areas of aging discussed in the course. You are free to focus on particular areas rather than being comprehensive.

    Try to focus not only on the effects of biological, cognitive, social, or emotional changes but also on how your subject has responded to them.

    Your interview can be in-person, via phone, or video.

    Take notes as your subject responds, using their own words. You may need to ask them to pause so you can record some of their responses verbatim. You can go beyond your initial interview questions to ask follow-up questions that lead to richer responses.

    ##### **Grading Criteria**

    Your paper will be graded on the richness of responses you elicited, how you relate these responses to theories and concepts, the depth of your personal reflections, and implications for social work practice. By depth, we mean going beyond repetition of learning to analysis and synthesis.

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | **Category** | | **Description** |
    | **Questions and Responses** | | Interview questions are designed to elicit meaningful responses relevant to aging processes, and subject responses are rich in evidence illustrating these processes. |
    | **Conceptual Integration** | | Concepts of aging from the course are related to the subject's responses and are integrated into a whole that explains the subject's aging experience. |
    | **Personal Reflection** | | Implications of the interview for your own evolving understanding of the aging process are explored in depth. |
    | **Practice Implications** | | Explore in depth the interview's implications for the practice of social work with older adults in terms of process and content. |

    **Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | Outcome: Questions and Responses | Interview questions are very well designed to elicit meaningful<br>responses relevant to the processes of aging, and subject responses are rich in<br>evidence illustrating these processes.<br>. | 20 pts |
    | Outcome Conceptual Integration | Concepts of aging from the course are consistently connected to the subject’s<br>responses and are integrated into a whole that consistently explains the subject’s experience of aging. | 30 pts |
    | Outcome: Personal Reflection | Implications of the interview for your own evolving understanding of the aging process are explored in depth. | 30 pts |
    | Outcome Practice Implications | Implications of the interview for the practice of social work with older adults, <br>both in terms of process and content, are explored in depth.<br>. | 30 pts |

    **## THEORIES1MSW531MODULE4—–.docx**

    **THEORIES**

    **Prescriptive Theories of Psychosocial Aging**

    As discussed in McInnis-Dittrick (2020), prescriptive theories of successful aging.

    **How should we adapt to the forces of change that come with aging?** Each theory has a rather monolithic answer to that question. Explore these theories below.

    Activity Theory (Havighurst, 1961)

    According to Activity Theory, when older adults stay connected to their social environments, and can both depend on others and be depended upon, they experience more positive paths through the aging process. An older lesbian couple known to the author has become more isolated for several reasons: being gay makes them more guarded in forming connections in a largely conservative community; health problems often keep them at home; and they find many of their social needs are met through each other and through the healthcare providers that make home visits. The partner with the more debilitating health problems became depressed, but when her wife went through cancer treatment, she became more functional and less depressed as she took on a caregiving role within the constraints of her own health.

    Role Theory (Turner, 1978)

    When older adults lose roles like employee, active parent, or spouse, role theory predicts that they will be happier and more fulfilled if they can shift into new roles that provide meaning and relationship. For example, an older adult known to the author retired early from work in the deli section of a supermarket when his health worsened. He became adept at digital art and shared it on a social media platform and enjoyed receiving accolades from around the world.

    Atchley, 1989)

    This theory is a synthesis of Activity Theory and Role Theory, with a dash of Disengagement Theory thrown in. It hypothesizes that in order to be happy, older adults must both strive to maintain roles and activities, but also develop the ability to creatively adapt to changes and relinquish roles and activities that no longer fit. The examples given above under each theory also fit here. Another: an older African-American man who was hospitalized for altered mental status and discharged to an Assisted Living Facility where he was the only Black resident and overheard racial slurs, recovered his cognitive faculties, exercised diligently, and was able to go back to his home in a rural area and maintain relationships through the phone, visits from neighbors, and paid caregivers.

    How would you Integrate the Prescriptive Theories?

    compare your answer to an expert's suggestion. What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** Expert suggestion:"As our roles and capabilities change with age, we can best adapt by letting go of roles, relationships, and activities that are no longer possible or beneficial, while embracing those that we will find most rewarding – many of which will be a continuation of our lifelong interests, values, and strengths."

    \*\*\**************************************************************************************

    **Descriptive** Theories of Psychosocial Aging

    Descriptive theories of psychosocial aging seek to capture people's lived experiences in a social context and avoid placing all of the burden of success on the individual.

    **_How do we adapt to the challenges of aging in a world that is socially constructed?_**

    Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966)

    Although Role Theory, Activity Theory, and Continuity Theory implicitly advocate for the importance of meaningful relationships and activities, Social Constructionism places the act of social meaning-making at the center of psychosocial aging. The uneasy relationship between imposed narratives from society, and those that are authored by the individual, determines how older adults understand and navigate their lives. Social meanings, rather than deterministic relationships among variables, are the drivers of life, and must be understood from the older adult’s perspective.

    When the author realized that a family patriarch's diagnosis of dementia threatened a whole family’s organization, the author began to listen to family stories about the gifts and values of the patriarch and help family members build on them. Formerly a master gardener, this patriarch now discovered beautiful stones laid out in the backyard. He collected them and they were placed in a new pattern the next day. It wasn’t important for the family to accept the diagnosis, but to help their father and grandfather maintain a sense of dignity that in turn made them feel continuity in the family structure.

    The Life Course Perspective (Elder, 1985)

    This theoretical approach marries well with Social Constructionism, but turns its sites backward in time, to see how timing, processes, and context – events and circumstances together with individual and family interpretations and responses – have shaped life patterns leading up to the present moment. Advantages and disadvantages based on social and economic inequality are incorporated but are not seen as fixed variables given the human capacity to grown through adversity.

    The GI Bill, which has allowed qualifying veterans to pursue higher education with free tuition since World War II, has changed the life course of many people and their families. Yet the identity of “college student” is not as easy to embrace for those whose academic self-concept was never positive, whether due to a poor fit with the educational approach of the times, or internalized racist myths of mental inferiority.

    The Person-Environment Perspective (Lawton, 1989)

    In contrast to the prescriptive theories’ focus on the individual as responsible for their own adaptation, the Person-Environment Perspective sees the importance of the social and physical environment itself as a source of limitations and possibilities, and as a target for change.

    For example, the simple addition of a ramp from the door to the driveway often helps to restore older adults’ connection to the community when they are no longer able to safely negotiate stairs. One couple insisted that their new ramp be built so that the stairs were still accessible, so that they could go up the stairs to re-enter their home and maintain some strength in their legs – a key to fall prevention and, had they known it, one protective factor against dementia.

    SOC theory: Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990)

    Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation. As adults age, they narrow their interests, activities and relationships to conserve energy, optimize what is still available to them, and compensate for losses with alternatives. An example might be sitting with the same people at dinner every night in an assisted living facility, getting to know one’s dining companions well and forming trusting relationships, and compensating for an embarrassing difficulty feeding one’s self with Parkinson’s-related tremors by using weighted utensils and choosing less messy foods.

    Queer Theory (Jagose, 1996)

    In his early 60s, the man in a heterosexual couple was finally able to embrace his identity as a woman and underwent top surgery. She and her wife divorced, but later, as the transgender woman’s health declined, her ex-wife moved back in and assumed the roles of caregiver and best friend. Queer Theory evolved from deconstructionism to confront the biases and social norms that would pathologize such lives by calling into question the binary categories most of us assume are just “the way things are.”

    By understanding and applying Queer Theory to gerontology, social workers can be open to and celebrate the gender diversity and fluidity that exists, while being sensitive to the extra barriers and internalized negative self-concepts that people of older generations often face.

    How would you integrate the Descriptive theories?

    Can we combine these theories into one integrative perspective?

    What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** How we adapt to the challenges of aging depends on where we come from, how we construct the narrative of our lives, how we make meaning of the present social context, and how we continually create our identities as we negotiate between societal stories and our lived experiences. "

    **## MSW531MODULE8INSTRUCTIONS.docx**

    McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2020). Social work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention (5th ed.). Pearson.

    · Chapter
    **1:** The Context of Social Work Practice with Older Adults,
    **pp 8-18**

    · Chapter
    **12**: Working with Older Adults’ Support Systems in Caregiving

    Ferraro, K., & Wilmoth, J. (Eds.) (2013). Gerontology: Perspectives and Issues (4th ed.). Springer.

    · Chapter
    **13:** Gerontological Social Work: Meeting the Needs of Elders and Their Families

    ##### **Guidelines**

    Describe how this older adult illustrates three key concepts or theories from the course, using verbatim excerpts from your interview. Conclude with reflections on the personal impact of this interview on your own understanding of aging and implications for social work with older adults.

    **Develop 8 to 10** **- Open-Ended Interview Questions** **( NO- yes/no questions**) and cover the areas of aging discussed in the course. You are free to focus on particular areas rather than being comprehensive.

    Try to focus not only on the effects of biological, cognitive, social, or emotional changes but also on how your subject has responded to them.

    Your interview can be in-person, via phone, or video.

    Take notes as your subject responds, using their own words. You may need to ask them to pause so you can record some of their responses verbatim. You can go beyond your initial interview questions to ask follow-up questions that lead to richer responses.

    ##### **Grading Criteria**

    Your paper will be graded on the richness of responses you elicited, how you relate these responses to theories and concepts, the depth of your personal reflections, and implications for social work practice. By depth, we mean going beyond repetition of learning to analysis and synthesis.

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | **Category** | | **Description** |
    | **Questions and Responses** | | Interview questions are designed to elicit meaningful responses relevant to aging processes, and subject responses are rich in evidence illustrating these processes. |
    | **Conceptual Integration** | | Concepts of aging from the course are related to the subject's responses and are integrated into a whole that explains the subject's aging experience. |
    | **Personal Reflection** | | Implications of the interview for your own evolving understanding of the aging process are explored in depth. |
    | **Practice Implications** | | Explore in depth the interview's implications for the practice of social work with older adults in terms of process and content. |

    **Rubric**

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | |
    | **Criteria** | **Ratings** | **Pts** |
    | Outcome: Questions and Responses | Interview questions are very well designed to elicit meaningful<br>responses relevant to the processes of aging, and subject responses are rich in<br>evidence illustrating these processes.<br>. | 20 pts |
    | Outcome Conceptual Integration | Concepts of aging from the course are consistently connected to the subject’s<br>responses and are integrated into a whole that consistently explains the subject’s experience of aging. | 30 pts |
    | Outcome: Personal Reflection | Implications of the interview for your own evolving understanding of the aging process are explored in depth. | 30 pts |
    | Outcome Practice Implications | Implications of the interview for the practice of social work with older adults, <br>both in terms of process and content, are explored in depth.<br>. | 30 pts |

    **## THEORIES1MSW531MODULE4—–.docx**

    **THEORIES**

    **Prescriptive Theories of Psychosocial Aging**

    As discussed in McInnis-Dittrick (2020), prescriptive theories of successful aging.

    **How should we adapt to the forces of change that come with aging?** Each theory has a rather monolithic answer to that question. Explore these theories below.

    Activity Theory (Havighurst, 1961)

    According to Activity Theory, when older adults stay connected to their social environments, and can both depend on others and be depended upon, they experience more positive paths through the aging process. An older lesbian couple known to the author has become more isolated for several reasons: being gay makes them more guarded in forming connections in a largely conservative community; health problems often keep them at home; and they find many of their social needs are met through each other and through the healthcare providers that make home visits. The partner with the more debilitating health problems became depressed, but when her wife went through cancer treatment, she became more functional and less depressed as she took on a caregiving role within the constraints of her own health.

    Role Theory (Turner, 1978)

    When older adults lose roles like employee, active parent, or spouse, role theory predicts that they will be happier and more fulfilled if they can shift into new roles that provide meaning and relationship. For example, an older adult known to the author retired early from work in the deli section of a supermarket when his health worsened. He became adept at digital art and shared it on a social media platform and enjoyed receiving accolades from around the world.

    Atchley, 1989)

    This theory is a synthesis of Activity Theory and Role Theory, with a dash of Disengagement Theory thrown in. It hypothesizes that in order to be happy, older adults must both strive to maintain roles and activities, but also develop the ability to creatively adapt to changes and relinquish roles and activities that no longer fit. The examples given above under each theory also fit here. Another: an older African-American man who was hospitalized for altered mental status and discharged to an Assisted Living Facility where he was the only Black resident and overheard racial slurs, recovered his cognitive faculties, exercised diligently, and was able to go back to his home in a rural area and maintain relationships through the phone, visits from neighbors, and paid caregivers.

    How would you Integrate the Prescriptive Theories?

    compare your answer to an expert's suggestion. What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** Expert suggestion:"As our roles and capabilities change with age, we can best adapt by letting go of roles, relationships, and activities that are no longer possible or beneficial, while embracing those that we will find most rewarding – many of which will be a continuation of our lifelong interests, values, and strengths."

    \*\*\**************************************************************************************

    **Descriptive** Theories of Psychosocial Aging

    Descriptive theories of psychosocial aging seek to capture people's lived experiences in a social context and avoid placing all of the burden of success on the individual.

    **_How do we adapt to the challenges of aging in a world that is socially constructed?_**

    Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966)

    Although Role Theory, Activity Theory, and Continuity Theory implicitly advocate for the importance of meaningful relationships and activities, Social Constructionism places the act of social meaning-making at the center of psychosocial aging. The uneasy relationship between imposed narratives from society, and those that are authored by the individual, determines how older adults understand and navigate their lives. Social meanings, rather than deterministic relationships among variables, are the drivers of life, and must be understood from the older adult’s perspective.

    When the author realized that a family patriarch's diagnosis of dementia threatened a whole family’s organization, the author began to listen to family stories about the gifts and values of the patriarch and help family members build on them. Formerly a master gardener, this patriarch now discovered beautiful stones laid out in the backyard. He collected them and they were placed in a new pattern the next day. It wasn’t important for the family to accept the diagnosis, but to help their father and grandfather maintain a sense of dignity that in turn made them feel continuity in the family structure.

    The Life Course Perspective (Elder, 1985)

    This theoretical approach marries well with Social Constructionism, but turns its sites backward in time, to see how timing, processes, and context – events and circumstances together with individual and family interpretations and responses – have shaped life patterns leading up to the present moment. Advantages and disadvantages based on social and economic inequality are incorporated but are not seen as fixed variables given the human capacity to grown through adversity.

    The GI Bill, which has allowed qualifying veterans to pursue higher education with free tuition since World War II, has changed the life course of many people and their families. Yet the identity of “college student” is not as easy to embrace for those whose academic self-concept was never positive, whether due to a poor fit with the educational approach of the times, or internalized racist myths of mental inferiority.

    The Person-Environment Perspective (Lawton, 1989)

    In contrast to the prescriptive theories’ focus on the individual as responsible for their own adaptation, the Person-Environment Perspective sees the importance of the social and physical environment itself as a source of limitations and possibilities, and as a target for change.

    For example, the simple addition of a ramp from the door to the driveway often helps to restore older adults’ connection to the community when they are no longer able to safely negotiate stairs. One couple insisted that their new ramp be built so that the stairs were still accessible, so that they could go up the stairs to re-enter their home and maintain some strength in their legs – a key to fall prevention and, had they known it, one protective factor against dementia.

    SOC theory: Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990)

    Selectivity with Optimization and Compensation. As adults age, they narrow their interests, activities and relationships to conserve energy, optimize what is still available to them, and compensate for losses with alternatives. An example might be sitting with the same people at dinner every night in an assisted living facility, getting to know one’s dining companions well and forming trusting relationships, and compensating for an embarrassing difficulty feeding one’s self with Parkinson’s-related tremors by using weighted utensils and choosing less messy foods.

    Queer Theory (Jagose, 1996)

    In his early 60s, the man in a heterosexual couple was finally able to embrace his identity as a woman and underwent top surgery. She and her wife divorced, but later, as the transgender woman’s health declined, her ex-wife moved back in and assumed the roles of caregiver and best friend. Queer Theory evolved from deconstructionism to confront the biases and social norms that would pathologize such lives by calling into question the binary categories most of us assume are just “the way things are.”

    By understanding and applying Queer Theory to gerontology, social workers can be open to and celebrate the gender diversity and fluidity that exists, while being sensitive to the extra barriers and internalized negative self-concepts that people of older generations often face.

    How would you integrate the Descriptive theories?

    Can we combine these theories into one integrative perspective?

    What do both responses have to offer?

    **Answer:** How we adapt to the challenges of aging depends on where we come from, how we construct the narrative of our lives, how we make meaning of the present social context, and how we continually create our identities as we negotiate between societal stories and our lived experiences. "

    – 1
    – 2

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    **Step One:** Locate a minimum of five scholarly (peer-reviewed) journal articles that will help you learn about the disorder you selected (your textbook counts as a scholarly source as well). When doing your research, you should look for articles that: – describe/explain the symptoms associated wit…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    **Step One:** Locate a minimum of five scholarly (peer-reviewed) journal articles that will help you learn about the disorder you selected (your textbook counts as a scholarly source as well). When doing your research, you should look for articles that:
    – describe/explain the symptoms associated with the disorder
    – that explain biological causes of the disorder
    – that explain psychological causes of the disorder
    – that explain socioeconomic causes of the disorder
    – that gives you information about treatments for the disorder