Assignment Prompt & Instructions
See Attached
– ## Module3.docx
– ## Milestone11.docx
– ## Milestone2.docx
**## Module3.docx**
Overview
In this assignment, you will craft three potential research questions for your research problem.
Prompt
Now that you have chosen your resources and examined the influence of the methodologies and data-collection types on research, it’s time to use your resources to craft research questions. In
**Project Three: Research Questions**, which is due in Module Eight, you will need to create a research question that addresses a particular research problem and explain your development process. To prepare yourself to explain your development process, think about your research problem, not a specific study, and then complete the following:
**Crafting Questions** Craft research questions that would require the researcher to use a particular research methodology. Complete each of the following:
· Craft a qualitative research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a qualitative approach to answer the question.
· Craft a quantitative research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a quantitative approach to answer the question.
· Craft a mixed-methodology research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a mixed-methodology approach to answer the question.
**Examination of Questions** Now that you have crafted a research question that would require a particular research methodology, answer each of the following to help choose which research question you will examine further in Project Three in Module Eight:
· Which research question do you think best captures the research problem you would like to explore?
· Remember: You’re not actually performing this research study—you’re just thinking about the research question that you would like to dig into if you were going to conduct a research study.
· Does one of your research questions seem to represent the types of research questions in your field of study more than the others?
· Is there anything you noticed about the creation of these research questions? Was there something that surprised you in their creation? What stood out to you as you were crafting each question?
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
i. Craft a qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodology research question about a specific research problem.
ii. Examine research questions in order to select a complex question.
What to Submit
This assignment must be completed in a written format and be 1–2 pages in length. Any references should be cited in APA format.
[Shapiro Library APA Style Guide](http://libguides.snhu.edu/apa)
**## Milestone11.docx**
4
**Milestone 1**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
Course
9/14/2025
**Overview: Identification of the Research Problem and Methodological Trends**
A research problem is the first phase in any research undertaking, which ideally gets initiated by a thorough literature review. This review identifies what we know about a particular field, and it is, perhaps more significantly, the light in understanding the tendencies of research methods and revealing the gaps in which new questions may be planted (Ebidor & Ikhide, 2024). Examining the research and, most importantly, how a researcher can refine a broad field of research into a specific, multi-layered research question. This procedure is axiomatic because the research question that will be ultimately determined eventually has to be directly connected to a suitable research methodology, whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed, to be pursued rigorously and with efficacy.
I have selected my research problem as the significance of telehealth service delivery to therapeutic alliance and client outcomes in the human services, particularly in clinical mental health and counseling settings. This issue is strongly connected with my Human Services discipline, which focuses on improving the clients' well-being by providing high-quality, affordable, and equitable services (Glass & Bickler, 2021). The quick growth of telehealth, which the COVID-19 pandemic has boosted, is a paradigm shift in delivering services. Whether a core therapeutic relationship that is an established predictor of successful outcomes is achievable and sustained via a digital platform is of great concern to practitioners, agencies, and clients, so it is a primary and extremely pertinent problem to the field.
Evaluating methodological trends for this problem reveals a distinct pattern. The most commonly used methodologies are quantitative approaches, particularly quasi-experimental designs and surveys utilizing standardized scales to measure therapeutic alliance (e.g., Working Alliance Inventory) and symptom reduction (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7). The reason behind this prevalence is the interest in producing generalizable data that can be used to quantify the effectiveness of telehealth against face-to-face therapy in a large sample group to give evidence to policymakers and insurance providers (Sagui-Henson et al., 2022). Conversely, qualitative methodologies, such as phenomenology or narrative analysis, are less common. This is a significant gap, as these methods are ideally suited to explore the rich, subjective experiences of clients and clinicians. The scarcity of qualitative studies limits the depth of our understanding. Finding few methodological approaches would severely constrain a potential research question, forcing it into a narrow, quantitative frame and failing to capture the complex human experience at the heart of the issue.
A proactive and imaginative approach to the literature review can only overcome these obstacles. If I fail to locate a specific methodology, this fact does not nullify my research problem, but indicates a gap in the literature and a potential area of original research. I might have to expand my search terms to identify examples of each methodology. For instance, I would need to search for studies on clinician experiences or client experiences of telehealth instead of therapeutic alliance outcomes (Lim, 2024). Another way that I could have explored related areas, like communication studies or health informatics, would have been to explore relational dynamics in the digital realm through various approaches. This process of refining search strategies and exploring related disciplines is essential to developing a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape, which in turn allows for the development of a truly complex and methodologically sound research question.
**References**
Ebidor, L.-L., & Ikhide, I. G. (2024). Literature Review in Scientific Research: An Overview.
_East African Journal of Education Studies_,
_7_(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.2.1909
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-021-09570-0
Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative research? an Overview and Guidelines.
_Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)_,
_33_(2), 199–229. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding Components of Therapeutic Alliance and Well-Being from Use of a Global Digital Mental Health Benefit During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Observational Study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5
**## Milestone2.docx**
2
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
SCS 285
9/28/2025
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Building on my research on the significance of telehealth in therapeutic alliance and client outcome in mental health settings, I have researched and selected six research studies, which represent different types of methodology, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods design, to identify data-collection pattern and their impact on research.
**Selected Research Studies and Evaluation**
Research by Glass & Bickler (2021), and another one by Gilson et al., (2025) utilize qualitative method. Glass & Bickler’s (2021) study uses in-depth interviews and case examples to explore how therapeutic alliance can be cultivated in telemental health while Gilson et al., (2025) uses qualitative interviews with social workers in mental health setting, highlighting perceived benefits, opportunities, and challenges of telehealth in practice. Studies that utilize quantitative method include, research by Sagui-Henson et al., (2022), a longitudinal observational study that examine therapeutic alliance and well-being using surveys and standardized clinical measures in digital mental health services, and another one by Aafjes-van Doorn et al., (2024), which involves a meta-analysis and systematic review to identify the relationship between treatment outcome and alliance quality across teletherapy studies. Research by Charleton et al. (2022), which combines staff and client interviews with service data to evaluate telehealth in mental health during COVID-29, and another one by Tyrrell et al., (2022), which uses the Delphi method to identify factors influencing therapeutic alliance in remote therapy, utilizes a mixed-method design.
Several data-collection patterns emerge across these studies, with qualitative studies relying on semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to represent practitioners' and clients' lived experiences and quantitative studies typically using standardized surveys and outcome measures such as the alliance rating scale to provide measurable and generalizable data. On the other hand, mixed-method studies have combined both approaches through integrating surveys, interviews, and usage data in their study, allowing for a holistic perspective. Reflecting on these patterns, telehealth literature or research seems to strongly rely on survey and scale instruments, with recent studies increasingly incorporating client and clinician narratives in their research.
In other social sciences such as political science and human services research, surveys, observations, polls, interviews, document analysis, and case studies seem to be commonly used data collection methods. This is because the methods not only help researchers gather broader opinions and trends across the population, but also help explore complex human behaviors and experiences. I think certain disciplines such as political science, favor certain collection methods like surveys because they reflect their research goals, and are shaped by research questions and available resources for the project.
Every type of data-collection method presents some credibility risks, therefore, heavy reliance on methods like surveys and scales may lead to self-report bias, and overlegalization without accurately understanding involved stakeholders' experiences with telehealth. As such, it is important to utilize multiple types of data collection to produce findings that are more credible, balanced, and generalizable. However, using varied data collection not only can be costly and time-consuming but can also result in the collection of large amounts of information, making data management and analysis more difficult. Additionally, it can also create credibility risks, especially due to potential inconsistencies that may arise from each method, which may undermine the validity and reliability of the findings.
**References**
Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Spina, D. S., Horne, S. J., & Bekes, V. (2024). The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
_Clinical Psychology Review_,
_110_, 102430.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430)
Chatterton, M. L., Marangu, E., Clancy, E. M., Mackay, M., Gu, E., Moylan, S., … & O’Shea, M. (2022). Telehealth service delivery in an Australian regional mental health service during COVID-19: a mixed methods analysis.
_International journal of mental health systems_,
_16_(1), 43.
[https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8](https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8)
Gilson, T., Stewart, C., & Hodgson, D. (2025). Telehealth in mental health social work: Benefits and limitations within practice.
_Australian Social Work_,
_78_(3), 261-273.
[https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350](https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350)
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2), 189-198.
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/)
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding components of therapeutic alliance and well-being from use of a global digital mental health benefit during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal observational study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4), 439-450.
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5)
Tyrrell, S., Bucci, S., & Berry, K. (2025). The therapeutic alliance during remotely delivered therapy: A Delphi study with health professionals.
_British Journal of Clinical Psychology_.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544](https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544)
**## Milestone2.docx**
2
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
SCS 285
9/28/2025
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Building on my research on the significance of telehealth in therapeutic alliance and client outcome in mental health settings, I have researched and selected six research studies, which represent different types of methodology, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods design, to identify data-collection pattern and their impact on research.
**Selected Research Studies and Evaluation**
Research by Glass & Bickler (2021), and another one by Gilson et al., (2025) utilize qualitative method. Glass & Bickler’s (2021) study uses in-depth interviews and case examples to explore how therapeutic alliance can be cultivated in telemental health while Gilson et al., (2025) uses qualitative interviews with social workers in mental health setting, highlighting perceived benefits, opportunities, and challenges of telehealth in practice. Studies that utilize quantitative method include, research by Sagui-Henson et al., (2022), a longitudinal observational study that examine therapeutic alliance and well-being using surveys and standardized clinical measures in digital mental health services, and another one by Aafjes-van Doorn et al., (2024), which involves a meta-analysis and systematic review to identify the relationship between treatment outcome and alliance quality across teletherapy studies. Research by Charleton et al. (2022), which combines staff and client interviews with service data to evaluate telehealth in mental health during COVID-29, and another one by Tyrrell et al., (2022), which uses the Delphi method to identify factors influencing therapeutic alliance in remote therapy, utilizes a mixed-method design.
Several data-collection patterns emerge across these studies, with qualitative studies relying on semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to represent practitioners' and clients' lived experiences and quantitative studies typically using standardized surveys and outcome measures such as the alliance rating scale to provide measurable and generalizable data. On the other hand, mixed-method studies have combined both approaches through integrating surveys, interviews, and usage data in their study, allowing for a holistic perspective. Reflecting on these patterns, telehealth literature or research seems to strongly rely on survey and scale instruments, with recent studies increasingly incorporating client and clinician narratives in their research.
In other social sciences such as political science and human services research, surveys, observations, polls, interviews, document analysis, and case studies seem to be commonly used data collection methods. This is because the methods not only help researchers gather broader opinions and trends across the population, but also help explore complex human behaviors and experiences. I think certain disciplines such as political science, favor certain collection methods like surveys because they reflect their research goals, and are shaped by research questions and available resources for the project.
Every type of data-collection method presents some credibility risks, therefore, heavy reliance on methods like surveys and scales may lead to self-report bias, and overlegalization without accurately understanding involved stakeholders' experiences with telehealth. As such, it is important to utilize multiple types of data collection to produce findings that are more credible, balanced, and generalizable. However, using varied data collection not only can be costly and time-consuming but can also result in the collection of large amounts of information, making data management and analysis more difficult. Additionally, it can also create credibility risks, especially due to potential inconsistencies that may arise from each method, which may undermine the validity and reliability of the findings.
**References**
Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Spina, D. S., Horne, S. J., & Bekes, V. (2024). The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
_Clinical Psychology Review_,
_110_, 102430.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430)
Chatterton, M. L., Marangu, E., Clancy, E. M., Mackay, M., Gu, E., Moylan, S., … & O’Shea, M. (2022). Telehealth service delivery in an Australian regional mental health service during COVID-19: a mixed methods analysis.
_International journal of mental health systems_,
_16_(1), 43.
[https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8](https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8)
Gilson, T., Stewart, C., & Hodgson, D. (2025). Telehealth in mental health social work: Benefits and limitations within practice.
_Australian Social Work_,
_78_(3), 261-273.
[https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350](https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350)
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2), 189-198.
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/)
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding components of therapeutic alliance and well-being from use of a global digital mental health benefit during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal observational study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4), 439-450.
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5)
Tyrrell, S., Bucci, S., & Berry, K. (2025). The therapeutic alliance during remotely delivered therapy: A Delphi study with health professionals.
_British Journal of Clinical Psychology_.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544](https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544)
**## Module3.docx**
Overview
In this assignment, you will craft three potential research questions for your research problem.
Prompt
Now that you have chosen your resources and examined the influence of the methodologies and data-collection types on research, it’s time to use your resources to craft research questions. In
**Project Three: Research Questions**, which is due in Module Eight, you will need to create a research question that addresses a particular research problem and explain your development process. To prepare yourself to explain your development process, think about your research problem, not a specific study, and then complete the following:
**Crafting Questions** Craft research questions that would require the researcher to use a particular research methodology. Complete each of the following:
· Craft a qualitative research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a qualitative approach to answer the question.
· Craft a quantitative research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a quantitative approach to answer the question.
· Craft a mixed-methodology research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a mixed-methodology approach to answer the question.
**Examination of Questions** Now that you have crafted a research question that would require a particular research methodology, answer each of the following to help choose which research question you will examine further in Project Three in Module Eight:
· Which research question do you think best captures the research problem you would like to explore?
· Remember: You’re not actually performing this research study—you’re just thinking about the research question that you would like to dig into if you were going to conduct a research study.
· Does one of your research questions seem to represent the types of research questions in your field of study more than the others?
· Is there anything you noticed about the creation of these research questions? Was there something that surprised you in their creation? What stood out to you as you were crafting each question?
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
i. Craft a qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodology research question about a specific research problem.
ii. Examine research questions in order to select a complex question.
What to Submit
This assignment must be completed in a written format and be 1–2 pages in length. Any references should be cited in APA format.
[Shapiro Library APA Style Guide](http://libguides.snhu.edu/apa)
**## Milestone11.docx**
4
**Milestone 1**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
Course
9/14/2025
**Overview: Identification of the Research Problem and Methodological Trends**
A research problem is the first phase in any research undertaking, which ideally gets initiated by a thorough literature review. This review identifies what we know about a particular field, and it is, perhaps more significantly, the light in understanding the tendencies of research methods and revealing the gaps in which new questions may be planted (Ebidor & Ikhide, 2024). Examining the research and, most importantly, how a researcher can refine a broad field of research into a specific, multi-layered research question. This procedure is axiomatic because the research question that will be ultimately determined eventually has to be directly connected to a suitable research methodology, whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed, to be pursued rigorously and with efficacy.
I have selected my research problem as the significance of telehealth service delivery to therapeutic alliance and client outcomes in the human services, particularly in clinical mental health and counseling settings. This issue is strongly connected with my Human Services discipline, which focuses on improving the clients' well-being by providing high-quality, affordable, and equitable services (Glass & Bickler, 2021). The quick growth of telehealth, which the COVID-19 pandemic has boosted, is a paradigm shift in delivering services. Whether a core therapeutic relationship that is an established predictor of successful outcomes is achievable and sustained via a digital platform is of great concern to practitioners, agencies, and clients, so it is a primary and extremely pertinent problem to the field.
Evaluating methodological trends for this problem reveals a distinct pattern. The most commonly used methodologies are quantitative approaches, particularly quasi-experimental designs and surveys utilizing standardized scales to measure therapeutic alliance (e.g., Working Alliance Inventory) and symptom reduction (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7). The reason behind this prevalence is the interest in producing generalizable data that can be used to quantify the effectiveness of telehealth against face-to-face therapy in a large sample group to give evidence to policymakers and insurance providers (Sagui-Henson et al., 2022). Conversely, qualitative methodologies, such as phenomenology or narrative analysis, are less common. This is a significant gap, as these methods are ideally suited to explore the rich, subjective experiences of clients and clinicians. The scarcity of qualitative studies limits the depth of our understanding. Finding few methodological approaches would severely constrain a potential research question, forcing it into a narrow, quantitative frame and failing to capture the complex human experience at the heart of the issue.
A proactive and imaginative approach to the literature review can only overcome these obstacles. If I fail to locate a specific methodology, this fact does not nullify my research problem, but indicates a gap in the literature and a potential area of original research. I might have to expand my search terms to identify examples of each methodology. For instance, I would need to search for studies on clinician experiences or client experiences of telehealth instead of therapeutic alliance outcomes (Lim, 2024). Another way that I could have explored related areas, like communication studies or health informatics, would have been to explore relational dynamics in the digital realm through various approaches. This process of refining search strategies and exploring related disciplines is essential to developing a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape, which in turn allows for the development of a truly complex and methodologically sound research question.
**References**
Ebidor, L.-L., & Ikhide, I. G. (2024). Literature Review in Scientific Research: An Overview.
_East African Journal of Education Studies_,
_7_(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.2.1909
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-021-09570-0
Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative research? an Overview and Guidelines.
_Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)_,
_33_(2), 199–229. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding Components of Therapeutic Alliance and Well-Being from Use of a Global Digital Mental Health Benefit During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Observational Study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5
**## Milestone2.docx**
2
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
SCS 285
9/28/2025
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Building on my research on the significance of telehealth in therapeutic alliance and client outcome in mental health settings, I have researched and selected six research studies, which represent different types of methodology, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods design, to identify data-collection pattern and their impact on research.
**Selected Research Studies and Evaluation**
Research by Glass & Bickler (2021), and another one by Gilson et al., (2025) utilize qualitative method. Glass & Bickler’s (2021) study uses in-depth interviews and case examples to explore how therapeutic alliance can be cultivated in telemental health while Gilson et al., (2025) uses qualitative interviews with social workers in mental health setting, highlighting perceived benefits, opportunities, and challenges of telehealth in practice. Studies that utilize quantitative method include, research by Sagui-Henson et al., (2022), a longitudinal observational study that examine therapeutic alliance and well-being using surveys and standardized clinical measures in digital mental health services, and another one by Aafjes-van Doorn et al., (2024), which involves a meta-analysis and systematic review to identify the relationship between treatment outcome and alliance quality across teletherapy studies. Research by Charleton et al. (2022), which combines staff and client interviews with service data to evaluate telehealth in mental health during COVID-29, and another one by Tyrrell et al., (2022), which uses the Delphi method to identify factors influencing therapeutic alliance in remote therapy, utilizes a mixed-method design.
Several data-collection patterns emerge across these studies, with qualitative studies relying on semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to represent practitioners' and clients' lived experiences and quantitative studies typically using standardized surveys and outcome measures such as the alliance rating scale to provide measurable and generalizable data. On the other hand, mixed-method studies have combined both approaches through integrating surveys, interviews, and usage data in their study, allowing for a holistic perspective. Reflecting on these patterns, telehealth literature or research seems to strongly rely on survey and scale instruments, with recent studies increasingly incorporating client and clinician narratives in their research.
In other social sciences such as political science and human services research, surveys, observations, polls, interviews, document analysis, and case studies seem to be commonly used data collection methods. This is because the methods not only help researchers gather broader opinions and trends across the population, but also help explore complex human behaviors and experiences. I think certain disciplines such as political science, favor certain collection methods like surveys because they reflect their research goals, and are shaped by research questions and available resources for the project.
Every type of data-collection method presents some credibility risks, therefore, heavy reliance on methods like surveys and scales may lead to self-report bias, and overlegalization without accurately understanding involved stakeholders' experiences with telehealth. As such, it is important to utilize multiple types of data collection to produce findings that are more credible, balanced, and generalizable. However, using varied data collection not only can be costly and time-consuming but can also result in the collection of large amounts of information, making data management and analysis more difficult. Additionally, it can also create credibility risks, especially due to potential inconsistencies that may arise from each method, which may undermine the validity and reliability of the findings.
**References**
Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Spina, D. S., Horne, S. J., & Bekes, V. (2024). The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
_Clinical Psychology Review_,
_110_, 102430.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430)
Chatterton, M. L., Marangu, E., Clancy, E. M., Mackay, M., Gu, E., Moylan, S., … & O’Shea, M. (2022). Telehealth service delivery in an Australian regional mental health service during COVID-19: a mixed methods analysis.
_International journal of mental health systems_,
_16_(1), 43.
[https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8](https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8)
Gilson, T., Stewart, C., & Hodgson, D. (2025). Telehealth in mental health social work: Benefits and limitations within practice.
_Australian Social Work_,
_78_(3), 261-273.
[https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350](https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350)
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2), 189-198.
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/)
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding components of therapeutic alliance and well-being from use of a global digital mental health benefit during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal observational study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4), 439-450.
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5)
Tyrrell, S., Bucci, S., & Berry, K. (2025). The therapeutic alliance during remotely delivered therapy: A Delphi study with health professionals.
_British Journal of Clinical Psychology_.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544](https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544)
**## Module3.docx**
Overview
In this assignment, you will craft three potential research questions for your research problem.
Prompt
Now that you have chosen your resources and examined the influence of the methodologies and data-collection types on research, it’s time to use your resources to craft research questions. In
**Project Three: Research Questions**, which is due in Module Eight, you will need to create a research question that addresses a particular research problem and explain your development process. To prepare yourself to explain your development process, think about your research problem, not a specific study, and then complete the following:
**Crafting Questions** Craft research questions that would require the researcher to use a particular research methodology. Complete each of the following:
· Craft a qualitative research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a qualitative approach to answer the question.
· Craft a quantitative research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a quantitative approach to answer the question.
· Craft a mixed-methodology research question.
· Be sure your research question captures your research problem and requires using a mixed-methodology approach to answer the question.
**Examination of Questions** Now that you have crafted a research question that would require a particular research methodology, answer each of the following to help choose which research question you will examine further in Project Three in Module Eight:
· Which research question do you think best captures the research problem you would like to explore?
· Remember: You’re not actually performing this research study—you’re just thinking about the research question that you would like to dig into if you were going to conduct a research study.
· Does one of your research questions seem to represent the types of research questions in your field of study more than the others?
· Is there anything you noticed about the creation of these research questions? Was there something that surprised you in their creation? What stood out to you as you were crafting each question?
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
i. Craft a qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodology research question about a specific research problem.
ii. Examine research questions in order to select a complex question.
What to Submit
This assignment must be completed in a written format and be 1–2 pages in length. Any references should be cited in APA format.
[Shapiro Library APA Style Guide](http://libguides.snhu.edu/apa)
**## Milestone11.docx**
4
**Milestone 1**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
Course
9/14/2025
**Overview: Identification of the Research Problem and Methodological Trends**
A research problem is the first phase in any research undertaking, which ideally gets initiated by a thorough literature review. This review identifies what we know about a particular field, and it is, perhaps more significantly, the light in understanding the tendencies of research methods and revealing the gaps in which new questions may be planted (Ebidor & Ikhide, 2024). Examining the research and, most importantly, how a researcher can refine a broad field of research into a specific, multi-layered research question. This procedure is axiomatic because the research question that will be ultimately determined eventually has to be directly connected to a suitable research methodology, whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed, to be pursued rigorously and with efficacy.
I have selected my research problem as the significance of telehealth service delivery to therapeutic alliance and client outcomes in the human services, particularly in clinical mental health and counseling settings. This issue is strongly connected with my Human Services discipline, which focuses on improving the clients' well-being by providing high-quality, affordable, and equitable services (Glass & Bickler, 2021). The quick growth of telehealth, which the COVID-19 pandemic has boosted, is a paradigm shift in delivering services. Whether a core therapeutic relationship that is an established predictor of successful outcomes is achievable and sustained via a digital platform is of great concern to practitioners, agencies, and clients, so it is a primary and extremely pertinent problem to the field.
Evaluating methodological trends for this problem reveals a distinct pattern. The most commonly used methodologies are quantitative approaches, particularly quasi-experimental designs and surveys utilizing standardized scales to measure therapeutic alliance (e.g., Working Alliance Inventory) and symptom reduction (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7). The reason behind this prevalence is the interest in producing generalizable data that can be used to quantify the effectiveness of telehealth against face-to-face therapy in a large sample group to give evidence to policymakers and insurance providers (Sagui-Henson et al., 2022). Conversely, qualitative methodologies, such as phenomenology or narrative analysis, are less common. This is a significant gap, as these methods are ideally suited to explore the rich, subjective experiences of clients and clinicians. The scarcity of qualitative studies limits the depth of our understanding. Finding few methodological approaches would severely constrain a potential research question, forcing it into a narrow, quantitative frame and failing to capture the complex human experience at the heart of the issue.
A proactive and imaginative approach to the literature review can only overcome these obstacles. If I fail to locate a specific methodology, this fact does not nullify my research problem, but indicates a gap in the literature and a potential area of original research. I might have to expand my search terms to identify examples of each methodology. For instance, I would need to search for studies on clinician experiences or client experiences of telehealth instead of therapeutic alliance outcomes (Lim, 2024). Another way that I could have explored related areas, like communication studies or health informatics, would have been to explore relational dynamics in the digital realm through various approaches. This process of refining search strategies and exploring related disciplines is essential to developing a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape, which in turn allows for the development of a truly complex and methodologically sound research question.
**References**
Ebidor, L.-L., & Ikhide, I. G. (2024). Literature Review in Scientific Research: An Overview.
_East African Journal of Education Studies_,
_7_(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.2.1909
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-021-09570-0
Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative research? an Overview and Guidelines.
_Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)_,
_33_(2), 199–229. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding Components of Therapeutic Alliance and Well-Being from Use of a Global Digital Mental Health Benefit During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Observational Study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5
**## Milestone2.docx**
2
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Jack Schoon
SNHU
SCS 285
9/28/2025
**Project 2: Types of Data Collection**
Building on my research on the significance of telehealth in therapeutic alliance and client outcome in mental health settings, I have researched and selected six research studies, which represent different types of methodology, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods design, to identify data-collection pattern and their impact on research.
**Selected Research Studies and Evaluation**
Research by Glass & Bickler (2021), and another one by Gilson et al., (2025) utilize qualitative method. Glass & Bickler’s (2021) study uses in-depth interviews and case examples to explore how therapeutic alliance can be cultivated in telemental health while Gilson et al., (2025) uses qualitative interviews with social workers in mental health setting, highlighting perceived benefits, opportunities, and challenges of telehealth in practice. Studies that utilize quantitative method include, research by Sagui-Henson et al., (2022), a longitudinal observational study that examine therapeutic alliance and well-being using surveys and standardized clinical measures in digital mental health services, and another one by Aafjes-van Doorn et al., (2024), which involves a meta-analysis and systematic review to identify the relationship between treatment outcome and alliance quality across teletherapy studies. Research by Charleton et al. (2022), which combines staff and client interviews with service data to evaluate telehealth in mental health during COVID-29, and another one by Tyrrell et al., (2022), which uses the Delphi method to identify factors influencing therapeutic alliance in remote therapy, utilizes a mixed-method design.
Several data-collection patterns emerge across these studies, with qualitative studies relying on semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to represent practitioners' and clients' lived experiences and quantitative studies typically using standardized surveys and outcome measures such as the alliance rating scale to provide measurable and generalizable data. On the other hand, mixed-method studies have combined both approaches through integrating surveys, interviews, and usage data in their study, allowing for a holistic perspective. Reflecting on these patterns, telehealth literature or research seems to strongly rely on survey and scale instruments, with recent studies increasingly incorporating client and clinician narratives in their research.
In other social sciences such as political science and human services research, surveys, observations, polls, interviews, document analysis, and case studies seem to be commonly used data collection methods. This is because the methods not only help researchers gather broader opinions and trends across the population, but also help explore complex human behaviors and experiences. I think certain disciplines such as political science, favor certain collection methods like surveys because they reflect their research goals, and are shaped by research questions and available resources for the project.
Every type of data-collection method presents some credibility risks, therefore, heavy reliance on methods like surveys and scales may lead to self-report bias, and overlegalization without accurately understanding involved stakeholders' experiences with telehealth. As such, it is important to utilize multiple types of data collection to produce findings that are more credible, balanced, and generalizable. However, using varied data collection not only can be costly and time-consuming but can also result in the collection of large amounts of information, making data management and analysis more difficult. Additionally, it can also create credibility risks, especially due to potential inconsistencies that may arise from each method, which may undermine the validity and reliability of the findings.
**References**
Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Spina, D. S., Horne, S. J., & Bekes, V. (2024). The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
_Clinical Psychology Review_,
_110_, 102430.
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102430)
Chatterton, M. L., Marangu, E., Clancy, E. M., Mackay, M., Gu, E., Moylan, S., … & O’Shea, M. (2022). Telehealth service delivery in an Australian regional mental health service during COVID-19: a mixed methods analysis.
_International journal of mental health systems_,
_16_(1), 43.
[https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8](https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-022-00553-8)
Gilson, T., Stewart, C., & Hodgson, D. (2025). Telehealth in mental health social work: Benefits and limitations within practice.
_Australian Social Work_,
_78_(3), 261-273.
[https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350](https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2024.2380350)
Glass, V. Q., & Bickler, A. (2021). Cultivating the therapeutic alliance in a telemental health setting.
_Contemporary Family Therapy_,
_43_(2), 189-198.
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7951122/)
Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding components of therapeutic alliance and well-being from use of a global digital mental health benefit during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal observational study.
_Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science_,
_7_(4), 439-450.
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-022-00263-5)
Tyrrell, S., Bucci, S., & Berry, K. (2025). The therapeutic alliance during remotely delivered therapy: A Delphi study with health professionals.
_British Journal of Clinical Psychology_.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544](https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12544)
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