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Tag: Model Answer

  • [Solved] Unit 2: Integrative and Analytical Tools

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    Strategic analysis is one of the keys to knowing the complex dynamics of the global market. Consider the [strategic analysis of Amazon](https://www.academia.edu/16022676/Amazon_A_Corporate_Strategic_Analysis), which allows it to adapt quickly to the changing preferences of consumers and to market tr…

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    Strategic analysis is one of the keys to knowing the complex dynamics of the global market. Consider the [strategic analysis of Amazon](https://www.academia.edu/16022676/Amazon_A_Corporate_Strategic_Analysis), which allows it to adapt quickly to the changing preferences of consumers and to market trends. Through a holistic examination of corporate and global strategies, organizations make sense of the underlying drivers that guide decision-making processes. It also empowers organizations to make well-informed choices. Market research and segmentation provide businesses with the tools that are necessary to navigate competitive landscapes. These tools also help them to discern strategic opportunities with precision. Organizations shape market strategies geared toward being competitive long-term and success. They can because of insights learned from strategic analysis. These insights ensure their relevance and ability to face challenges in the marketplace. Using strategic analysis tools, such as Porter's five forces of competition and the balanced scorecard, deepens organizations' understanding of the industry. They also facilitate the moving from strategic goals to actionable plans.

    – What strategic insights can you draw from companies such as Amazon?
    – How do organizations use strategic analysis to develop long-term market strategies?
    – How do tools such as Porter's five forces enhance understanding of industry dynamics?
    – How can organizations use strategic analysis to improve performance?

    Include a minimum of 3 references and corresponding citations in your Individual Project each week.

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] PLAGIARISM FREE “A” WORK IN 10 HOURS

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    Read and respond to at least two classmates and provide specific, constructive feedback that may help guide them in determining the appropriateness of their data collection techniques. Share any additional ideas for either qualitative or quantitative data collection techniques that may align well wi…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Read and respond to at least two classmates and provide specific, constructive feedback that may help guide them in determining the appropriateness of their data collection techniques. Share any additional ideas for either qualitative or quantitative data collection techniques that may align well with their action research question. What suggestions can you make to give a different perspective?

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] discussion board

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    #### **Organization Structure and Barriers** – 2 years ago

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    #### **Organization Structure and Barriers**

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Observational Study Designs

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    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## Wk3Discussion8310.docx **## Wk3Discussion8310.docx** **Observational Study Designs** ![A doctor examining a child AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/observational-study-designs-20890297) A clinical pediatric nurse has noticed…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Wk3Discussion8310.docx

    **## Wk3Discussion8310.docx**

    **Observational Study Designs**

    ![A doctor examining a child AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/observational-study-designs-20890297)

    A clinical pediatric nurse has noticed a rise in childhood asthma diagnoses among the Hispanic population served by the local clinic. The nurse is concerned about this increase in asthma incidence in the patient population and turns to the literature to explore current research on this topic. The nurse finds, through the reading, that there appears to be an association between parental smoking and childhood asthma and wonders if this could be the cause of the rise in cases.

    This type of suspected association between a risk factor (exposure) and a particular outcome (childhood asthma) can be evaluated using an observational study design. A relevant case-control study would match a group of controls (no asthma) with the case group (asthma diagnosis). Both groups would then be assessed on certain historical exposures like (a) family history; (b) early childhood respiratory infections; (c) secondhand smoke exposure; (d) urban residence (ozone); and (e) obesity. Measures might include interviews, surveys, and medical records. If results show the case group has a higher rate of exposure to a given risk factor, the researcher may conclude that exposure results in greater odds of asthma.

    In any epidemiological study, the design and methodology used should be appropriate for that study and for the research question. It is important for researchers to understand the strengths and limitations of each of the study designs and methods. This gives them a better chance of correctly interpreting results and synthesizing them for use in developing and implementing evidence-based population health programs. For this Discussion, you will explore the strengths and limitations of various types of observational study designs and critique their appropriateness for specific studies.

    This type of suspected association between a risk factor (exposure) and a particular outcome (childhood asthma) can be evaluated using an observational study design. A relevant case-control study would match a group of controls (no asthma) with the case group (asthma diagnosis). Both groups would then be assessed on certain historical exposures like (a) family history; (b) early childhood respiratory infections; (c) secondhand smoke exposure; (d) urban residence (ozone); and (e) obesity. Measures might include interviews, surveys, and medical records. If results show the case group has a higher rate of exposure to a given risk factor, the researcher may conclude that exposure results in greater odds of asthma.

    In any epidemiological study, the design and methodology used should be appropriate for that study and for the research question. It is important for researchers to understand the strengths and limitations of each of the study designs and methods. This gives them a better chance of correctly interpreting results and synthesizing them for use in developing and implementing evidence-based population health programs. For this Discussion, you will explore the strengths and limitations of various types of observational study designs and critique their appropriateness for specific studies.

    Resources

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    [**WEEKLY RESOURCES**](https://waldenu.instructure.com/courses/161210/modules/items/6260981)

    **To prepare:**

    · Review the different types of observational study designs presented in the Learning Resources: ecologic, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort.

    · Carefully examine the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each design.

    · Consider when it is appropriate to use each of the observational study designs.

    · Consider how using observational study designs can lead to improvements in population health.

    · By Day 1 of this week, you should have received a communication from your Instructor assigning you to a small group to review two specific articles. Review the two articles your group was assigned, with a critical eye toward the researchers’ use of study design and their selected methods. Although several students will be assigned the same articles, this is NOT a group project; please submit your Discussion posts individually. You will then have the opportunity to discuss and share your thoughts with your colleagues.

    ## image1.jpeg

    **## Wk3Discussion8310.docx**

    **Observational Study Designs**

    ![A doctor examining a child AI-generated content may be incorrect.](https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/observational-study-designs-20890297)

    A clinical pediatric nurse has noticed a rise in childhood asthma diagnoses among the Hispanic population served by the local clinic. The nurse is concerned about this increase in asthma incidence in the patient population and turns to the literature to explore current research on this topic. The nurse finds, through the reading, that there appears to be an association between parental smoking and childhood asthma and wonders if this could be the cause of the rise in cases.

    This type of suspected association between a risk factor (exposure) and a particular outcome (childhood asthma) can be evaluated using an observational study design. A relevant case-control study would match a group of controls (no asthma) with the case group (asthma diagnosis). Both groups would then be assessed on certain historical exposures like (a) family history; (b) early childhood respiratory infections; (c) secondhand smoke exposure; (d) urban residence (ozone); and (e) obesity. Measures might include interviews, surveys, and medical records. If results show the case group has a higher rate of exposure to a given risk factor, the researcher may conclude that exposure results in greater odds of asthma.

    In any epidemiological study, the design and methodology used should be appropriate for that study and for the research question. It is important for researchers to understand the strengths and limitations of each of the study designs and methods. This gives them a better chance of correctly interpreting results and synthesizing them for use in developing and implementing evidence-based population health programs. For this Discussion, you will explore the strengths and limitations of various types of observational study designs and critique their appropriateness for specific studies.

    This type of suspected association between a risk factor (exposure) and a particular outcome (childhood asthma) can be evaluated using an observational study design. A relevant case-control study would match a group of controls (no asthma) with the case group (asthma diagnosis). Both groups would then be assessed on certain historical exposures like (a) family history; (b) early childhood respiratory infections; (c) secondhand smoke exposure; (d) urban residence (ozone); and (e) obesity. Measures might include interviews, surveys, and medical records. If results show the case group has a higher rate of exposure to a given risk factor, the researcher may conclude that exposure results in greater odds of asthma.

    In any epidemiological study, the design and methodology used should be appropriate for that study and for the research question. It is important for researchers to understand the strengths and limitations of each of the study designs and methods. This gives them a better chance of correctly interpreting results and synthesizing them for use in developing and implementing evidence-based population health programs. For this Discussion, you will explore the strengths and limitations of various types of observational study designs and critique their appropriateness for specific studies.

    Resources

    Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
    Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

    [**WEEKLY RESOURCES**](https://waldenu.instructure.com/courses/161210/modules/items/6260981)

    **To prepare:**

    · Review the different types of observational study designs presented in the Learning Resources: ecologic, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort.

    · Carefully examine the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of each design.

    · Consider when it is appropriate to use each of the observational study designs.

    · Consider how using observational study designs can lead to improvements in population health.

    · By Day 1 of this week, you should have received a communication from your Instructor assigning you to a small group to review two specific articles. Review the two articles your group was assigned, with a critical eye toward the researchers’ use of study design and their selected methods. Although several students will be assigned the same articles, this is NOT a group project; please submit your Discussion posts individually. You will then have the opportunity to discuss and share your thoughts with your colleagues.

    ## image1.jpeg

  • [Solved] E_4

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    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## Ethics_4.docx **## Ethics_4.docx** **physician-assisted suicide** explore controversial, divisive issues like these. One goal will be to better understand the non-moral “hard facts” that are in the background of the moral issues. With research into the factual aspe…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Ethics_4.docx

    **## Ethics_4.docx**

    **physician-assisted suicide**

    explore controversial, divisive issues like these. One goal will be to better understand the non-moral “hard facts” that are in the background of the moral issues. With research into the factual aspects of the debate, finding relevant statistics, measurable outcomes, and other data, perhaps we can work closer toward a resolution of debates around these social issues.

    As you conduct your research and work on your segment, take some time to think about how to argue for your own position on the issue. Supporting your view will be done in part by the research you’re doing on the non-moral, empirical aspects of the topic. As part of your preparation for this assessment, you will also explore two academic disciplines or professions—psychology, nursing science, counseling, sociology, criminal justice, et cetera—to better contextualize your selected issue. You’ll also need to use ethical concepts—such as values, ethical principles, and ideals—along with ethical arguments to make a convincing case for your stance on the issue

    **Create a detailed and engaging PPT. minimum 15 pages, not to include the reference pages**.

    1.
    **Describe a contemporary social issue associated with multiple viewpoints.**

    · Analyze the importance of the issue.

    · Present conflicting perspectives impartially.

    2.
    **Analyze the primary interest(s) of at least three stakeholders invested in a contemporary social issue.**

    · Explain at least one key argument associated with each opposing viewpoint.

    · Present conflicting perspectives impartially.

    3.
    **Analyze research findings from different academic disciplines that provide insights relevant to the contemporary social issue.**

    · Present conflicting evidence and perspectives impartially.

    4.
    **Analyze a contemporary social issue from multiple perspectives using one of the three traditional theories of normative ethics.**

    · State and defend your own position with clear reasoning in your own words.

    · Support your position with a discussion of normative ethical concepts.

    **## Ethics_4.docx**

    **physician-assisted suicide**

    explore controversial, divisive issues like these. One goal will be to better understand the non-moral “hard facts” that are in the background of the moral issues. With research into the factual aspects of the debate, finding relevant statistics, measurable outcomes, and other data, perhaps we can work closer toward a resolution of debates around these social issues.

    As you conduct your research and work on your segment, take some time to think about how to argue for your own position on the issue. Supporting your view will be done in part by the research you’re doing on the non-moral, empirical aspects of the topic. As part of your preparation for this assessment, you will also explore two academic disciplines or professions—psychology, nursing science, counseling, sociology, criminal justice, et cetera—to better contextualize your selected issue. You’ll also need to use ethical concepts—such as values, ethical principles, and ideals—along with ethical arguments to make a convincing case for your stance on the issue

    **Create a detailed and engaging PPT. minimum 15 pages, not to include the reference pages**.

    1.
    **Describe a contemporary social issue associated with multiple viewpoints.**

    · Analyze the importance of the issue.

    · Present conflicting perspectives impartially.

    2.
    **Analyze the primary interest(s) of at least three stakeholders invested in a contemporary social issue.**

    · Explain at least one key argument associated with each opposing viewpoint.

    · Present conflicting perspectives impartially.

    3.
    **Analyze research findings from different academic disciplines that provide insights relevant to the contemporary social issue.**

    · Present conflicting evidence and perspectives impartially.

    4.
    **Analyze a contemporary social issue from multiple perspectives using one of the three traditional theories of normative ethics.**

    · State and defend your own position with clear reasoning in your own words.

    · Support your position with a discussion of normative ethical concepts.

  • [Solved] E_3

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    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## Ethics_3.docx **## Ethics_3.docx** 3. In a 4 page scholarly paper appropriate for a professional audience, apply critical theory to analyze the ethical conflicts in a scenario and then apply normative theory to resolve these conflicts. Scanerio: For the past year,…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## Ethics_3.docx

    **## Ethics_3.docx**

    3. In a 4 page scholarly paper appropriate for a professional audience, apply critical theory to analyze the ethical conflicts in a scenario and then apply normative theory to resolve these conflicts.

    Scanerio:

    For the past year, Rhonda has been volunteering on a large committee that’s working to refurbish the historical theater in town and plan programming for the following year. When she started at the company, Rhonda identified as male (her gender assigned at birth) and her name was Randy. About five months ago, Rhonda changed her name and gender identity and politely requested her colleagues to use her preferred pronouns: she/her/hers. A fellow volunteer on the committee, Phil, refused to do this. After several weeks of continuing to use Rhonda’s former pronouns, Phil was taken aside by the project director, who asked him to respect Rhonda’s wishes and use her preferred pronouns. Phil refused on the basis that this request is confusing because he’s known Rhonda as Randy for eight years and anyway it violates his free speech rights. If you were the project director and could enforce any outcome you believed ethically correct, what would that outcome be? Refer to critical theory and normative theory to support your position.

    In a 4 page scholarly paper appropriate for a professional audience, complete the following:

    1.
    **Describe the primary interest(s) of at least two stakeholders in the ethical conflict posed by the scenario.**

    · Explain how these interests are connected and/or opposed.

    2.
    **Summarize the key insights of a critical theory applicable to the ethical conflict in the chosen scenario.**

    · Explain connections to another critical theory.

    3.
    **Analyze the ethical conflict(s) in the chosen scenario.**

    · Apply one of the following critical theories: feminism, queer theory, critical race theory, postcolonialism, or disability theory.

    4.
    **Apply a traditional theory of normative ethics to resolve the ethical conflict presented in this scenario.**

    · Explain how this resolution satisfies certain aspects of another traditional theory of normative ethics.

    **## Ethics_3.docx**

    3. In a 4 page scholarly paper appropriate for a professional audience, apply critical theory to analyze the ethical conflicts in a scenario and then apply normative theory to resolve these conflicts.

    Scanerio:

    For the past year, Rhonda has been volunteering on a large committee that’s working to refurbish the historical theater in town and plan programming for the following year. When she started at the company, Rhonda identified as male (her gender assigned at birth) and her name was Randy. About five months ago, Rhonda changed her name and gender identity and politely requested her colleagues to use her preferred pronouns: she/her/hers. A fellow volunteer on the committee, Phil, refused to do this. After several weeks of continuing to use Rhonda’s former pronouns, Phil was taken aside by the project director, who asked him to respect Rhonda’s wishes and use her preferred pronouns. Phil refused on the basis that this request is confusing because he’s known Rhonda as Randy for eight years and anyway it violates his free speech rights. If you were the project director and could enforce any outcome you believed ethically correct, what would that outcome be? Refer to critical theory and normative theory to support your position.

    In a 4 page scholarly paper appropriate for a professional audience, complete the following:

    1.
    **Describe the primary interest(s) of at least two stakeholders in the ethical conflict posed by the scenario.**

    · Explain how these interests are connected and/or opposed.

    2.
    **Summarize the key insights of a critical theory applicable to the ethical conflict in the chosen scenario.**

    · Explain connections to another critical theory.

    3.
    **Analyze the ethical conflict(s) in the chosen scenario.**

    · Apply one of the following critical theories: feminism, queer theory, critical race theory, postcolonialism, or disability theory.

    4.
    **Apply a traditional theory of normative ethics to resolve the ethical conflict presented in this scenario.**

    · Explain how this resolution satisfies certain aspects of another traditional theory of normative ethics.

  • [Solved] PLAGIARISM FREE “A” WORK IN 12 HOURS

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    Review the Action Research Proposal: Proposed Study and Research Draft section for at least two classmates. If there are peers who have not had their drafts and posts reviewed, review their drafts and posts first. Using the critical friends framework for collaboration, provide specific, meaningful f…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Review the Action Research Proposal: Proposed Study and Research Draft section for at least two classmates. If there are peers who have not had their drafts and posts reviewed, review their drafts and posts first. Using the critical friends framework for collaboration, provide specific, meaningful feedback that is based on best practice in action research. As their critical friend, you may provide additional resources to help your classmate with a specific area of focus or direct them to specific textbook content or articles to guide and inform their thinking. Ask questions to clarify or challenge ideas when you need to understand their perspective and follow up with feedback and insights accordingly. In your post,

    a) Be a good listener by asking questions, clarifying ideas, and working towards understanding your friend’s perspective.

    b) Respond to your critical friend with integrity, kindness, and honesty.

    c) Be an advocate for the success of your critical friend.

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Discussion

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    – 2 years ago **files (5)** – ## DiscussionBoard.docx – ## CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf – CULTPSY3_Chapter11_PDFHandout.pdf – CULTPSY3_Chapter12_PDFHandout.pdf – CULTPSY3_Chapter14_PPT.pdf **## DiscussionBoard.docx** **Discussion Board** You will be required to participate in the eight …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (5)**

    – ## DiscussionBoard.docx

    – ## CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf

    – CULTPSY3_Chapter11_PDFHandout.pdf
    – CULTPSY3_Chapter12_PDFHandout.pdf
    – CULTPSY3_Chapter14_PPT.pdf

    **## DiscussionBoard.docx**

    **Discussion Board**

    You will be required to participate in the eight discussion prompts posted on the Canvas Discussion Board throughout the course of the semester. These will relate to assigned course materials. Your responses should incorporate course content assigned during that week and should be approximately 250 words (total, for both prompts).

    Please select and reply to two of the prompts below

    1. “It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.

    2. Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning, Shweder’s different codes of ethics, and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.

    3. An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion. They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space below, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.

    4. In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.

    5. You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system they use to pay their sales employees. System 1 is to pay based on meritocracy. System 2 is to pay everyone the same amount of money each month. Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.

    **## CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf**

    1

    Lecture PowerPoint
    Slides

    By
    Benjamin Cheung

    Cultural Psychology
    Third Edition

    Steven J. Heine

    Chapter 13—Physical Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Chapter Objectives

     In this chapter, you will:

    • Discuss various biological variations across different cultural
    populations

    • Explain the process of culture-gene coevolution

    • Provide examples of culture-gene coevolution

    • Discuss various acquired physical variations across different
    cultural populations

    • Understand explanations that account for the physical variations
    across different cultural populations

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    2

    Chapter Objectives

     In this chapter, you will:

    • Explain how cultures differ in sleep and perceptions of sleep

    • Discuss how socioeconomic status predicts physical health

    • Explain how ethnicity predicts physical health

    • Explain the epidemiological paradox

    • Discuss cultural variation in the metaphors used to conceptualize
    medicine

    • Discuss the distribution of laypersons’ and doctors' medical
    attitudes

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Overriding Theme
    in This Chapter

     Despite the notion that physical health is a
    biological issue, it is still strongly related to
    many psychological variables.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Human Biological Variability

     Human biology varies across cultures, and
    such variability has two different
    explanations/mechanisms:
    • Innate biological differences = result of

    selection pressures

    • Acquired biological differences = cultural
    effects on one’s biology, independent of
    genes

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    3

    Innate Biological Variability

     Humans, like all organisms, evolve due to
    selective pressures in their environments.

     Different environments have different
    selection pressures, leading different
    populations to evolve different traits.

     The most salient example of genetic
    variability of humans across different
    populations is skin color.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

     Skin color strongly correlates with
    ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that reaches
    different parts of the globe.
    • Light skin allows sufficient UVR to synthesize

    Vitamin D.

    • Dark skin prevents over-absorption of UVR,
    and prevents breakdown of folic acid.

     Much evidence shows that UVR levels
    across the globe correlate strongly with
    skin color.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

     Skin color is an example of geographical
    influences on population variation in the
    human genome.

     Cultural factors can also influence
    genomic variation.
    • For example, cow domestication has led to

    the development of a mutation that allows us
    to process milk.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    4

    Innate Biological Variability

     Another example of this is when people
    began farming yams in Africa.
    • Required the clearing of forests  standing

    pools of water  malaria-carrying mosquitoes

    • This cultural practice of yam farming ended up
    leading to the biological adaptation of
    resistance to malaria.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological Variability

     Moken young children swim underwater to
    retrieve seafood.

     They have thus developed twice the
    underwater visual acuity as European
    children.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Normal pupil

    Moken pupil
    under water

    5

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

    Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
    BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    1990 2000

    2010

    No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

    (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     Some explanations include:
    • Greater reliance on high-calorie foods (e.g.

    fast foods, sodas)

    • Larger portion sizes

    • More sedentary lifestyle

    • Suburban lifestyle—more driving, less
    exercise

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    6

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     Within the West, there is considerable
    variation in obesity rates.

     France has one-fifth the obesity rate of the
    United States.
    • This despite French food being high in fat and

    sugars

    • French have higher blood cholesterol than
    Americans but less heart disease.

    • Why?
    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     French still eat significantly less calories a
    day than Americans.
    • This is due to the cultural environment that

    affects portion sizes and attitudes toward food.

     People eat what’s given to them, portioned.

     Indeed, in comparison to portion sizes in the
    France:
    • U.S. yogurt containers are 80% larger.

    • McDonald’s serves 70% more fries in the United
    States per container.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    7

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Height

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Late 19th Century Today

    5'8" (1.73 m)

    5'5" (1.65 m)

    5'10" (1.78 m)

    6'1" (1.85 m)

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Height

     Economic wealth of a country has close
    ties with the height of its people.
    • More wealth brings healthier diet (more

    vitamins and nutrients), especially at ages
    when growth spurts occur.

    • Fluctuations of countries’ heights across time
    have coincided with broad societal changes
    that have an impact on diet.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    8

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Before electric lighting, people’s sleeping
    cycle actually had two phases.
    • First, people went to sleep for a few hours a

    little after sunset.
    » They woke up in the middle of the night, during

    which they engaged in some leisurely activities.

    • Then they slept for a few hours again until
    around dawn

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

     Socioeconomic Status (SES).

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    9

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Psychosocial variables :
    • Personality characteristics

    » Hostility and pessimism

    » Sense of hostility and pessimism leads to poorer
    health

    • Cognitive resources
    » Poverty preoccupies people with having to make

    difficult choices and trade-offs for survival.

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Health

     One important variable is stress, which
    affects health in two ways:
    • Stress leads people to engage in unhealthy

    habits.

    • Stress weakens the immune system.

     Some environments can induce more
    stress.
    • E.g. New York City has been shown to make

    people more stressed.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    10

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Low
    SES
    Low
    SES

    Low
    Control

    Low
    Control

    Poor HealthPoor Health

    High
    SES
    High
    SES

    High
    Control

    High
    Control

    Good HealthGood Health

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Health

     Ethnicity is also a factor implicated in the
    link between SES and health

     In the United States, African Americans
    and Hispanic Americans have been
    studied extensively in terms of their health
    outcomes compared to European
    Americans.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    11

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     This unexpected pattern has been called
    the epidemiological paradox.

     One explanation is that Hispanic
    Americans engage in healthier behaviors
    then European Americans.

    » Drinking and smoking less

    » More social support from large communities

    » High level of positive affect

    Medicine and Culture

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Medicine varies greatly by culture
    • Non-Western societies making use of

    traditional medicine agreeing that diseases
    are due to supernatural causes, such as
    witches, demons, or ghosts.

    • Modern Western medicine relies on the
    scientific method, using controlled
    experiments that are shared internationally,
    and not considering supernatural causes to
    be good explanations for illness.

    12

    Medicine and Culture

     Differences in Western medicine
    • In France, the metaphor of the body is the “terrain,”

    which emphasizes a sense of balance.
    » French doctors prescribe more long rests and spa visits.

    » Dirt and germs can strengthen one’s terrain; thus, there is
    less emphasis on daily bathing.

    • The U.S. metaphor of the body is a machine.
    » American doctors are more likely to do surgery (to fix

    malfunctioning parts).

    » Germs are key threat to health; thus, doctors prescribe more
    antibiotics than anywhere else.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Medicine and Culture

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Summary

     Both geographical and cultural variables
    have an impact on one’s biology (both
    genotypic and phenotypic).

     Such impact can have profound
    consequences, as in the cases of obesity
    and mortality rates.

     Even the profession of medicine is not
    immune to the effects of culture.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    **CULTPSY3_Chapter11_PDFHandout.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/cultpsy3-chapter11-pdfhandout-pdf)

    **CULTPSY3_Chapter12_PDFHandout.pdf**

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    **CULTPSY3_Chapter14_PPT.pdf**

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    **CULTPSY3_Chapter14_PPT.pdf**

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    **## DiscussionBoard.docx**

    **Discussion Board**

    You will be required to participate in the eight discussion prompts posted on the Canvas Discussion Board throughout the course of the semester. These will relate to assigned course materials. Your responses should incorporate course content assigned during that week and should be approximately 250 words (total, for both prompts).

    Please select and reply to two of the prompts below

    1. “It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.

    2. Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning, Shweder’s different codes of ethics, and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.

    3. An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion. They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space below, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.

    4. In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.

    5. You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system they use to pay their sales employees. System 1 is to pay based on meritocracy. System 2 is to pay everyone the same amount of money each month. Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.

    **## CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf**

    1

    Lecture PowerPoint
    Slides

    By
    Benjamin Cheung

    Cultural Psychology
    Third Edition

    Steven J. Heine

    Chapter 13—Physical Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Chapter Objectives

     In this chapter, you will:

    • Discuss various biological variations across different cultural
    populations

    • Explain the process of culture-gene coevolution

    • Provide examples of culture-gene coevolution

    • Discuss various acquired physical variations across different
    cultural populations

    • Understand explanations that account for the physical variations
    across different cultural populations

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    2

    Chapter Objectives

     In this chapter, you will:

    • Explain how cultures differ in sleep and perceptions of sleep

    • Discuss how socioeconomic status predicts physical health

    • Explain how ethnicity predicts physical health

    • Explain the epidemiological paradox

    • Discuss cultural variation in the metaphors used to conceptualize
    medicine

    • Discuss the distribution of laypersons’ and doctors' medical
    attitudes

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Overriding Theme
    in This Chapter

     Despite the notion that physical health is a
    biological issue, it is still strongly related to
    many psychological variables.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Human Biological Variability

     Human biology varies across cultures, and
    such variability has two different
    explanations/mechanisms:
    • Innate biological differences = result of

    selection pressures

    • Acquired biological differences = cultural
    effects on one’s biology, independent of
    genes

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    3

    Innate Biological Variability

     Humans, like all organisms, evolve due to
    selective pressures in their environments.

     Different environments have different
    selection pressures, leading different
    populations to evolve different traits.

     The most salient example of genetic
    variability of humans across different
    populations is skin color.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

     Skin color strongly correlates with
    ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that reaches
    different parts of the globe.
    • Light skin allows sufficient UVR to synthesize

    Vitamin D.

    • Dark skin prevents over-absorption of UVR,
    and prevents breakdown of folic acid.

     Much evidence shows that UVR levels
    across the globe correlate strongly with
    skin color.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

     Skin color is an example of geographical
    influences on population variation in the
    human genome.

     Cultural factors can also influence
    genomic variation.
    • For example, cow domestication has led to

    the development of a mutation that allows us
    to process milk.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    4

    Innate Biological Variability

     Another example of this is when people
    began farming yams in Africa.
    • Required the clearing of forests  standing

    pools of water  malaria-carrying mosquitoes

    • This cultural practice of yam farming ended up
    leading to the biological adaptation of
    resistance to malaria.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological Variability

     Moken young children swim underwater to
    retrieve seafood.

     They have thus developed twice the
    underwater visual acuity as European
    children.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Normal pupil

    Moken pupil
    under water

    5

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

    Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
    BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    1990 2000

    2010

    No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

    (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     Some explanations include:
    • Greater reliance on high-calorie foods (e.g.

    fast foods, sodas)

    • Larger portion sizes

    • More sedentary lifestyle

    • Suburban lifestyle—more driving, less
    exercise

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    6

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     Within the West, there is considerable
    variation in obesity rates.

     France has one-fifth the obesity rate of the
    United States.
    • This despite French food being high in fat and

    sugars

    • French have higher blood cholesterol than
    Americans but less heart disease.

    • Why?
    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     French still eat significantly less calories a
    day than Americans.
    • This is due to the cultural environment that

    affects portion sizes and attitudes toward food.

     People eat what’s given to them, portioned.

     Indeed, in comparison to portion sizes in the
    France:
    • U.S. yogurt containers are 80% larger.

    • McDonald’s serves 70% more fries in the United
    States per container.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    7

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Height

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Late 19th Century Today

    5'8" (1.73 m)

    5'5" (1.65 m)

    5'10" (1.78 m)

    6'1" (1.85 m)

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Height

     Economic wealth of a country has close
    ties with the height of its people.
    • More wealth brings healthier diet (more

    vitamins and nutrients), especially at ages
    when growth spurts occur.

    • Fluctuations of countries’ heights across time
    have coincided with broad societal changes
    that have an impact on diet.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    8

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Before electric lighting, people’s sleeping
    cycle actually had two phases.
    • First, people went to sleep for a few hours a

    little after sunset.
    » They woke up in the middle of the night, during

    which they engaged in some leisurely activities.

    • Then they slept for a few hours again until
    around dawn

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

     Socioeconomic Status (SES).

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    9

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Psychosocial variables :
    • Personality characteristics

    » Hostility and pessimism

    » Sense of hostility and pessimism leads to poorer
    health

    • Cognitive resources
    » Poverty preoccupies people with having to make

    difficult choices and trade-offs for survival.

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Health

     One important variable is stress, which
    affects health in two ways:
    • Stress leads people to engage in unhealthy

    habits.

    • Stress weakens the immune system.

     Some environments can induce more
    stress.
    • E.g. New York City has been shown to make

    people more stressed.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    10

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Low
    SES
    Low
    SES

    Low
    Control

    Low
    Control

    Poor HealthPoor Health

    High
    SES
    High
    SES

    High
    Control

    High
    Control

    Good HealthGood Health

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Health

     Ethnicity is also a factor implicated in the
    link between SES and health

     In the United States, African Americans
    and Hispanic Americans have been
    studied extensively in terms of their health
    outcomes compared to European
    Americans.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    11

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     This unexpected pattern has been called
    the epidemiological paradox.

     One explanation is that Hispanic
    Americans engage in healthier behaviors
    then European Americans.

    » Drinking and smoking less

    » More social support from large communities

    » High level of positive affect

    Medicine and Culture

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Medicine varies greatly by culture
    • Non-Western societies making use of

    traditional medicine agreeing that diseases
    are due to supernatural causes, such as
    witches, demons, or ghosts.

    • Modern Western medicine relies on the
    scientific method, using controlled
    experiments that are shared internationally,
    and not considering supernatural causes to
    be good explanations for illness.

    12

    Medicine and Culture

     Differences in Western medicine
    • In France, the metaphor of the body is the “terrain,”

    which emphasizes a sense of balance.
    » French doctors prescribe more long rests and spa visits.

    » Dirt and germs can strengthen one’s terrain; thus, there is
    less emphasis on daily bathing.

    • The U.S. metaphor of the body is a machine.
    » American doctors are more likely to do surgery (to fix

    malfunctioning parts).

    » Germs are key threat to health; thus, doctors prescribe more
    antibiotics than anywhere else.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Medicine and Culture

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Summary

     Both geographical and cultural variables
    have an impact on one’s biology (both
    genotypic and phenotypic).

     Such impact can have profound
    consequences, as in the cases of obesity
    and mortality rates.

     Even the profession of medicine is not
    immune to the effects of culture.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    **CULTPSY3_Chapter11_PDFHandout.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/cultpsy3-chapter11-pdfhandout-pdf)

    **CULTPSY3_Chapter12_PDFHandout.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/cultpsy3-chapter12-pdfhandout-pdf)

    **CULTPSY3_Chapter14_PPT.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/cultpsy3-chapter14-ppt-pdf)

    **## DiscussionBoard.docx**

    **Discussion Board**

    You will be required to participate in the eight discussion prompts posted on the Canvas Discussion Board throughout the course of the semester. These will relate to assigned course materials. Your responses should incorporate course content assigned during that week and should be approximately 250 words (total, for both prompts).

    Please select and reply to two of the prompts below

    1. “It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.

    2. Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning, Shweder’s different codes of ethics, and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.

    3. An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion. They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space below, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.

    4. In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.

    5. You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system they use to pay their sales employees. System 1 is to pay based on meritocracy. System 2 is to pay everyone the same amount of money each month. Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.

    **## CULTPSY3_Chapter13_PDFHandout.pdf**

    1

    Lecture PowerPoint
    Slides

    By
    Benjamin Cheung

    Cultural Psychology
    Third Edition

    Steven J. Heine

    Chapter 13—Physical Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Chapter Objectives

     In this chapter, you will:

    • Discuss various biological variations across different cultural
    populations

    • Explain the process of culture-gene coevolution

    • Provide examples of culture-gene coevolution

    • Discuss various acquired physical variations across different
    cultural populations

    • Understand explanations that account for the physical variations
    across different cultural populations

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    2

    Chapter Objectives

     In this chapter, you will:

    • Explain how cultures differ in sleep and perceptions of sleep

    • Discuss how socioeconomic status predicts physical health

    • Explain how ethnicity predicts physical health

    • Explain the epidemiological paradox

    • Discuss cultural variation in the metaphors used to conceptualize
    medicine

    • Discuss the distribution of laypersons’ and doctors' medical
    attitudes

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Overriding Theme
    in This Chapter

     Despite the notion that physical health is a
    biological issue, it is still strongly related to
    many psychological variables.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Human Biological Variability

     Human biology varies across cultures, and
    such variability has two different
    explanations/mechanisms:
    • Innate biological differences = result of

    selection pressures

    • Acquired biological differences = cultural
    effects on one’s biology, independent of
    genes

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    3

    Innate Biological Variability

     Humans, like all organisms, evolve due to
    selective pressures in their environments.

     Different environments have different
    selection pressures, leading different
    populations to evolve different traits.

     The most salient example of genetic
    variability of humans across different
    populations is skin color.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

     Skin color strongly correlates with
    ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that reaches
    different parts of the globe.
    • Light skin allows sufficient UVR to synthesize

    Vitamin D.

    • Dark skin prevents over-absorption of UVR,
    and prevents breakdown of folic acid.

     Much evidence shows that UVR levels
    across the globe correlate strongly with
    skin color.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

     Skin color is an example of geographical
    influences on population variation in the
    human genome.

     Cultural factors can also influence
    genomic variation.
    • For example, cow domestication has led to

    the development of a mutation that allows us
    to process milk.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    4

    Innate Biological Variability

     Another example of this is when people
    began farming yams in Africa.
    • Required the clearing of forests  standing

    pools of water  malaria-carrying mosquitoes

    • This cultural practice of yam farming ended up
    leading to the biological adaptation of
    resistance to malaria.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Innate Biological Variability

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological Variability

     Moken young children swim underwater to
    retrieve seafood.

     They have thus developed twice the
    underwater visual acuity as European
    children.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Normal pupil

    Moken pupil
    under water

    5

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.

    Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
    BRFSS, 1990, 2000, 2010

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    1990 2000

    2010

    No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

    (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     Some explanations include:
    • Greater reliance on high-calorie foods (e.g.

    fast foods, sodas)

    • Larger portion sizes

    • More sedentary lifestyle

    • Suburban lifestyle—more driving, less
    exercise

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    6

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     Within the West, there is considerable
    variation in obesity rates.

     France has one-fifth the obesity rate of the
    United States.
    • This despite French food being high in fat and

    sugars

    • French have higher blood cholesterol than
    Americans but less heart disease.

    • Why?
    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

     French still eat significantly less calories a
    day than Americans.
    • This is due to the cultural environment that

    affects portion sizes and attitudes toward food.

     People eat what’s given to them, portioned.

     Indeed, in comparison to portion sizes in the
    France:
    • U.S. yogurt containers are 80% larger.

    • McDonald’s serves 70% more fries in the United
    States per container.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Obesity

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    7

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Height

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Late 19th Century Today

    5'8" (1.73 m)

    5'5" (1.65 m)

    5'10" (1.78 m)

    6'1" (1.85 m)

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Height

     Economic wealth of a country has close
    ties with the height of its people.
    • More wealth brings healthier diet (more

    vitamins and nutrients), especially at ages
    when growth spurts occur.

    • Fluctuations of countries’ heights across time
    have coincided with broad societal changes
    that have an impact on diet.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    8

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Before electric lighting, people’s sleeping
    cycle actually had two phases.
    • First, people went to sleep for a few hours a

    little after sunset.
    » They woke up in the middle of the night, during

    which they engaged in some leisurely activities.

    • Then they slept for a few hours again until
    around dawn

    Culture and Sleep

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

     Socioeconomic Status (SES).

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    9

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Psychosocial variables :
    • Personality characteristics

    » Hostility and pessimism

    » Sense of hostility and pessimism leads to poorer
    health

    • Cognitive resources
    » Poverty preoccupies people with having to make

    difficult choices and trade-offs for survival.

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Health

     One important variable is stress, which
    affects health in two ways:
    • Stress leads people to engage in unhealthy

    habits.

    • Stress weakens the immune system.

     Some environments can induce more
    stress.
    • E.g. New York City has been shown to make

    people more stressed.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    10

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Low
    SES
    Low
    SES

    Low
    Control

    Low
    Control

    Poor HealthPoor Health

    High
    SES
    High
    SES

    High
    Control

    High
    Control

    Good HealthGood Health

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Acquired Biological
    Variability—Health

     Ethnicity is also a factor implicated in the
    link between SES and health

     In the United States, African Americans
    and Hispanic Americans have been
    studied extensively in terms of their health
    outcomes compared to European
    Americans.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    11

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Culture and Health

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     This unexpected pattern has been called
    the epidemiological paradox.

     One explanation is that Hispanic
    Americans engage in healthier behaviors
    then European Americans.

    » Drinking and smoking less

    » More social support from large communities

    » High level of positive affect

    Medicine and Culture

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

     Medicine varies greatly by culture
    • Non-Western societies making use of

    traditional medicine agreeing that diseases
    are due to supernatural causes, such as
    witches, demons, or ghosts.

    • Modern Western medicine relies on the
    scientific method, using controlled
    experiments that are shared internationally,
    and not considering supernatural causes to
    be good explanations for illness.

    12

    Medicine and Culture

     Differences in Western medicine
    • In France, the metaphor of the body is the “terrain,”

    which emphasizes a sense of balance.
    » French doctors prescribe more long rests and spa visits.

    » Dirt and germs can strengthen one’s terrain; thus, there is
    less emphasis on daily bathing.

    • The U.S. metaphor of the body is a machine.
    » American doctors are more likely to do surgery (to fix

    malfunctioning parts).

    » Germs are key threat to health; thus, doctors prescribe more
    antibiotics than anywhere else.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Medicine and Culture

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

    Summary

     Both geographical and cultural variables
    have an impact on one’s biology (both
    genotypic and phenotypic).

     Such impact can have profound
    consequences, as in the cases of obesity
    and mortality rates.

     Even the profession of medicine is not
    immune to the effects of culture.

    © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company

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  • [Solved] Group Dynamics

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    see attachment – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## GDmodule2discussionGroupSelection.docx **## GDmodule2discussionGroupSelection.docx** _Group Selection_ To complete this task, each student will choose one of the following groups: · A group of friends · Members of a company · An association supporting …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    see attachment

    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## GDmodule2discussionGroupSelection.docx

    **## GDmodule2discussionGroupSelection.docx**

    _Group Selection_

    To complete this task, each student will choose one of the following groups:

    · A group of friends

    · Members of a company

    · An association supporting a cause

    After selecting the group, they wish to work with, students will conduct a critical analysis by answering each of the following questions:

    · What type of leader is most suitable?

    · In what specific contexts of this group can the indicated leadership style be applied?

    · How could another type of leadership affect the group’s dynamics?

    After creating their "Forum," each student will respectfully comment on what other classmates have presented.

    **Important**: The comment should indicate whether the student agrees or disagrees with the type of leadership chosen for the group and provide reasons to explain why that leadership style is the most suitable.

    Remember to review the
    [academic expectations](https://agmu.instructure.com/courses/1876/pages/expectations-and-best-practices-for-discussions) for your submission.

    **Submission Instructions:**

    · Submit your initial discussion post by 11:59 PM Eastern on Wednesday.

    · Contribute a minimum of 350 words for your initial post. It should include at least 2 academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.

    · Respond to at least two of your classmates' discussion posts by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday. Ask a question, and provide a different viewpoint.

    **## GDmodule2discussionGroupSelection.docx**

    _Group Selection_

    To complete this task, each student will choose one of the following groups:

    · A group of friends

    · Members of a company

    · An association supporting a cause

    After selecting the group, they wish to work with, students will conduct a critical analysis by answering each of the following questions:

    · What type of leader is most suitable?

    · In what specific contexts of this group can the indicated leadership style be applied?

    · How could another type of leadership affect the group’s dynamics?

    After creating their "Forum," each student will respectfully comment on what other classmates have presented.

    **Important**: The comment should indicate whether the student agrees or disagrees with the type of leadership chosen for the group and provide reasons to explain why that leadership style is the most suitable.

    Remember to review the
    [academic expectations](https://agmu.instructure.com/courses/1876/pages/expectations-and-best-practices-for-discussions) for your submission.

    **Submission Instructions:**

    · Submit your initial discussion post by 11:59 PM Eastern on Wednesday.

    · Contribute a minimum of 350 words for your initial post. It should include at least 2 academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.

    · Respond to at least two of your classmates' discussion posts by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday. Ask a question, and provide a different viewpoint.

  • [Solved] 1resp

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    APA FORMAT CHECK FILE – 2 years ago

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    Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    APA FORMAT

    CHECK FILE

    – 2 years ago