Assignment Prompt & Instructions
see attached
– ## DuringtheBushandObamaadministrationsandbecauseof9.docx
– ## UnitV.pdf
**## DuringtheBushandObamaadministrationsandbecauseof9.docx**
During the Bush and Obama administrations and because of 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assumed lead responsibilities for many of the CIKR sectors assigning Sector-Specific Agencies (SSAs) to establish sector-specific protocols for protection. However, most of these sectors have the DHS as its SSA. Under this approach, do you think any of these could be addressed better by another agency (e.g., assigning nuclear reactors, materials, and waste to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission)? Make sure to provide an example in your response.
**## UnitV.pdf**
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Evaluate organization infrastructures for vulnerabilities.
2.1 Explain the current state of critical infrastructure protection efforts.
5. Analyze vulnerabilities of critical information and key resources (CIKR).
5.3 Identify current threats to the information technology sector.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 8: Information Technology (IT)
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
For the following resource, read Section 3-5 of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
Unit Lesson
Introduction
The country’s communications systems are complex and intricate, encompassing numerous technologies,
types of services, and diverse ownerships. According to the Communications Sector-Specific Plan (CSSP),
the communications sector “has evolved from predominantly a provider of voice services into a diverse,
competitive, and interconnected industry, using terrestrial, satellite, and wireless transmission systems“
(Department of Homeland Security [DHS], 2015, p. iv). A great majority of the nation’s communication
systems are privately owned and operated, and, as such, DHS assigned sector-specific agencies (SSAs) to
partner with state, local, and industry organizations to enhance the communications sector-specific protection.
The SSAs consigned to the communications sector are the Communications Sector Coordinating Council
(CSCC) and Communications Sector Government Coordinating Council (CGCC), both under the DHS ( DHS,
2015).
According to the CSSP, the following three joint goals were developed to guide the mission to protect the
communications sector:
1. protect and enhance the overall physical and logical health of communications;
2. rapidly reconstitute critical communications services in the event of disruption, and mitigate cascading
effects; and
3. improve the sector’s national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) posture with federal,
state, local, tribal, international, and private sector entities to reduce risk (DHS, 2015, p. iv).
Information Technology as a Critical Infrastructure
As we have seen thus far, securing critical infrastructures has become increasingly vital for DHS. In Section
1016 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, a critical infrastructure is defined as “systems and assets, whether
physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Information Technology
Protection and Security
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or
any combination of those matters” (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, 2001, p. 130).
Table 1 outlines the currently defined 18 sectors considered Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
(CIKRs). These systems, whether physical or intangible, are vital to the nation’s economy and public health
and safety. Any damage or destruction of such systems, specifically information technology (IT), will have
debilitating effects to the nation. The level of vulnerability varies from sector to sector. As an example, some
sectors such as energy, water, and federal facilities are, by nature physical, while others such as
communication, finance, and information technology have cyber elements.
Agriculture and Food Water Nuclear Reactor
Defense Industrial Base Chemical Information Technology
Energy Commercial Facilities Communications
Healthcare and Public Health Critical Manufacturing Postal & Shipping
National Monuments & Icons Dams Transportation Systems
Banking and Finance Emergency Services Government Facilities
Table 1. Eighteen critical infrastructure and key resource (CIKR) sectors
(NIPP, 2013, p. 9)
The IT sector is functions-based, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) (DHS, 2016).
The IT Sector’s six critical functions are to:
1. provide IT products and services;
2. provide incident management capabilities;
3. provide domain name resolution services;
4. provide identity management and associated trust support services;
5. provide Internet-based content, information, and communications services; and
6. provide Internet routing, access, and connection services (DHS, 2016).
“The IT Sector functions encompass the full set of processes involved in creating IT products and
services, including Research and Development (R&D), manufacturing, distribution, upgrades, and
maintenance. They also support the Sector’s ability to produce and provide high-assurance products,
services, and practices that are resilient to threats and can be rapidly recovered. Assurance is
essential to achieving the Sector’s vision and is therefore a fundamental aspect of all critical
functions. (DHS, 2016, p. 2)
These critical functions are provided by a combination of private and public entities with private operators
constituting the majority of owners and operators of information technology infrastructures. Private entities
work with the federal government and the Information Technology Coordinating Council (IT SCC) to protect
the sector’s infrastructure and assets (DHS, 2015). While the IT sector’s functions, products, and services
contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the global economy, the sector also faces global threats from
natural or manmade activities on a daily basis. Many of these threats take place frequently but do not have
major consequences as the private and public sectors are continuously taking security measures as new
threats and events develop around the globe.
Security
A key aspect of the information technology sector is security. Information security is the approach taken by
public and private sectors to protect information technology (IT) systems (as shown in Figure 1), physical
structures, and associated assets from threats present in the environment. The National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) Handbook (2017) outlines three critical areas for physical security:
1. physical structures, assets, and elements (including IT systems, storage, and communication
infrastructures);
2. the facility's general geographic area, which could be susceptible to natural threats, man-made
threats, or interception of transmissions and emanations, among others; and
3. Supporting facilities, which are those services (both technical and human) that underpin the operation
of the system.
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Gilchrist (2017) noted that information security encompasses the protection of IT assets guaranteeing the
integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information. The security of IT physical and cyber assets includes a
physical, technical, and procedural methodology. Physical controls must be implemented to ensure that IT
environments are protected. Examples include computer rooms and data centers with restricted access to
non-essential personnel to avoid accidental access to critical organizational systems. Technical security
strategies rely on security measures using technology as well as physical means. This approach relates to
computer and software techniques to prevent unauthorized access to IT systems. Examples include
password protected systems and software controls of restricted information. Last, procedural security covers
organizational rules, regulations, and policies to mitigate risks arising from the use of information systems. An
example of policies encompasses end user agreements on the utilization of company assets such as
computers and other IT devices.
Again, physical and environmental security is very important as this approach is taken for the protection of not
only IT systems but physical structures and associated infrastructure against threats related to the physical
environment. Physical and environmental safeguards can many times be overlooked but are critical in
protecting information technology elements. Structures and locations must be designed with protection in
mind to avoid damage (natural or man-made) as well as unauthorized access to information and computer
systems (See Table 2). Physical and environmental security, which is also called geographic or area security,
often provides the first line of defense of information and information systems with equipment security and
general controls to protect physical assets (Simpson et al., 2017).
Natural Threats Human Threats
1. Loss of personnel
2. Failure of IT systems
3. Lightning
4. Fire
5. Flooding
6. Storms
7. Power failures
8. Dust
1. Hacker
2. Social engineering
3. Computer criminals – Individuals who
use computers or computer networks
to commit a crime.
4. Physical damage to systems
CORE CONCEPT
Security access controls are processes wherein an organization’s IT assets are made into a
more difficult or less attractive target through physical, technical, and procedural
mechanisms.
CORE CONCEPT
Fundamental to ISO 27001 is that it considers information systems security as a continuous
improvement process and not as a product.
Figure 1. A network protected behind a firewall
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
9. Magnetic fields
Table 1 Threat examples
Summary
The information technology sector and all information systems within it are subject to negative environmental
events and unauthorized access attempts that may invalidate their use causing potentially irreparable
damage to all critical sectors including organizations, individuals, and society. Implementing a sound
organizational security strategy involves setting security standards (policies, training, and enforcement)
applying the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) approach. Simpson et al. (2017) recommended
adapting the Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) guidelines and principles for the
reduction of security incidents.
References
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/national-infrastructure-protection-plan-2013-
508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Communications sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-communications-2015-508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Information technology sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP
2013. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-information-technology-2016-
508.pdf
Gilchrist, A. (2017). IoT security issues. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST SP 800-12 An introduction to computer security:
The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Simpson, D., Jensen, V., & Rubing, A. (Eds.). (2017). The city between freedom and security: Contested
public spaces in the 21st century. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Additional information relevant to the unit’s objectives can be found in the following links. There are more
details provided in these links as it relates to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and
recommended standards published in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) websites:
www.dhs.gov and www.nist.gov respectively.
CORE CONCEPT
CPTED proposes that the proper design and effective use of the built environment may lead
to a reduction in the fear and incidence of cyberattacks, crime, and an improvement of the
quality of life (Simpson et al., 2017).
[http://www.dhs.gov/](http://www.dhs.gov/)
[http://www.nist.gov/](http://www.nist.gov/)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST Special Publication 800-12 An introduction to
information security: The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
**## UnitV.pdf**
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Evaluate organization infrastructures for vulnerabilities.
2.1 Explain the current state of critical infrastructure protection efforts.
5. Analyze vulnerabilities of critical information and key resources (CIKR).
5.3 Identify current threats to the information technology sector.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 8: Information Technology (IT)
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
For the following resource, read Section 3-5 of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
Unit Lesson
Introduction
The country’s communications systems are complex and intricate, encompassing numerous technologies,
types of services, and diverse ownerships. According to the Communications Sector-Specific Plan (CSSP),
the communications sector “has evolved from predominantly a provider of voice services into a diverse,
competitive, and interconnected industry, using terrestrial, satellite, and wireless transmission systems“
(Department of Homeland Security [DHS], 2015, p. iv). A great majority of the nation’s communication
systems are privately owned and operated, and, as such, DHS assigned sector-specific agencies (SSAs) to
partner with state, local, and industry organizations to enhance the communications sector-specific protection.
The SSAs consigned to the communications sector are the Communications Sector Coordinating Council
(CSCC) and Communications Sector Government Coordinating Council (CGCC), both under the DHS ( DHS,
2015).
According to the CSSP, the following three joint goals were developed to guide the mission to protect the
communications sector:
1. protect and enhance the overall physical and logical health of communications;
2. rapidly reconstitute critical communications services in the event of disruption, and mitigate cascading
effects; and
3. improve the sector’s national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) posture with federal,
state, local, tribal, international, and private sector entities to reduce risk (DHS, 2015, p. iv).
Information Technology as a Critical Infrastructure
As we have seen thus far, securing critical infrastructures has become increasingly vital for DHS. In Section
1016 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, a critical infrastructure is defined as “systems and assets, whether
physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Information Technology
Protection and Security
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or
any combination of those matters” (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, 2001, p. 130).
Table 1 outlines the currently defined 18 sectors considered Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
(CIKRs). These systems, whether physical or intangible, are vital to the nation’s economy and public health
and safety. Any damage or destruction of such systems, specifically information technology (IT), will have
debilitating effects to the nation. The level of vulnerability varies from sector to sector. As an example, some
sectors such as energy, water, and federal facilities are, by nature physical, while others such as
communication, finance, and information technology have cyber elements.
Agriculture and Food Water Nuclear Reactor
Defense Industrial Base Chemical Information Technology
Energy Commercial Facilities Communications
Healthcare and Public Health Critical Manufacturing Postal & Shipping
National Monuments & Icons Dams Transportation Systems
Banking and Finance Emergency Services Government Facilities
Table 1. Eighteen critical infrastructure and key resource (CIKR) sectors
(NIPP, 2013, p. 9)
The IT sector is functions-based, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) (DHS, 2016).
The IT Sector’s six critical functions are to:
1. provide IT products and services;
2. provide incident management capabilities;
3. provide domain name resolution services;
4. provide identity management and associated trust support services;
5. provide Internet-based content, information, and communications services; and
6. provide Internet routing, access, and connection services (DHS, 2016).
“The IT Sector functions encompass the full set of processes involved in creating IT products and
services, including Research and Development (R&D), manufacturing, distribution, upgrades, and
maintenance. They also support the Sector’s ability to produce and provide high-assurance products,
services, and practices that are resilient to threats and can be rapidly recovered. Assurance is
essential to achieving the Sector’s vision and is therefore a fundamental aspect of all critical
functions. (DHS, 2016, p. 2)
These critical functions are provided by a combination of private and public entities with private operators
constituting the majority of owners and operators of information technology infrastructures. Private entities
work with the federal government and the Information Technology Coordinating Council (IT SCC) to protect
the sector’s infrastructure and assets (DHS, 2015). While the IT sector’s functions, products, and services
contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the global economy, the sector also faces global threats from
natural or manmade activities on a daily basis. Many of these threats take place frequently but do not have
major consequences as the private and public sectors are continuously taking security measures as new
threats and events develop around the globe.
Security
A key aspect of the information technology sector is security. Information security is the approach taken by
public and private sectors to protect information technology (IT) systems (as shown in Figure 1), physical
structures, and associated assets from threats present in the environment. The National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) Handbook (2017) outlines three critical areas for physical security:
1. physical structures, assets, and elements (including IT systems, storage, and communication
infrastructures);
2. the facility's general geographic area, which could be susceptible to natural threats, man-made
threats, or interception of transmissions and emanations, among others; and
3. Supporting facilities, which are those services (both technical and human) that underpin the operation
of the system.
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Gilchrist (2017) noted that information security encompasses the protection of IT assets guaranteeing the
integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information. The security of IT physical and cyber assets includes a
physical, technical, and procedural methodology. Physical controls must be implemented to ensure that IT
environments are protected. Examples include computer rooms and data centers with restricted access to
non-essential personnel to avoid accidental access to critical organizational systems. Technical security
strategies rely on security measures using technology as well as physical means. This approach relates to
computer and software techniques to prevent unauthorized access to IT systems. Examples include
password protected systems and software controls of restricted information. Last, procedural security covers
organizational rules, regulations, and policies to mitigate risks arising from the use of information systems. An
example of policies encompasses end user agreements on the utilization of company assets such as
computers and other IT devices.
Again, physical and environmental security is very important as this approach is taken for the protection of not
only IT systems but physical structures and associated infrastructure against threats related to the physical
environment. Physical and environmental safeguards can many times be overlooked but are critical in
protecting information technology elements. Structures and locations must be designed with protection in
mind to avoid damage (natural or man-made) as well as unauthorized access to information and computer
systems (See Table 2). Physical and environmental security, which is also called geographic or area security,
often provides the first line of defense of information and information systems with equipment security and
general controls to protect physical assets (Simpson et al., 2017).
Natural Threats Human Threats
1. Loss of personnel
2. Failure of IT systems
3. Lightning
4. Fire
5. Flooding
6. Storms
7. Power failures
8. Dust
1. Hacker
2. Social engineering
3. Computer criminals – Individuals who
use computers or computer networks
to commit a crime.
4. Physical damage to systems
CORE CONCEPT
Security access controls are processes wherein an organization’s IT assets are made into a
more difficult or less attractive target through physical, technical, and procedural
mechanisms.
CORE CONCEPT
Fundamental to ISO 27001 is that it considers information systems security as a continuous
improvement process and not as a product.
Figure 1. A network protected behind a firewall
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
9. Magnetic fields
Table 1 Threat examples
Summary
The information technology sector and all information systems within it are subject to negative environmental
events and unauthorized access attempts that may invalidate their use causing potentially irreparable
damage to all critical sectors including organizations, individuals, and society. Implementing a sound
organizational security strategy involves setting security standards (policies, training, and enforcement)
applying the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) approach. Simpson et al. (2017) recommended
adapting the Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) guidelines and principles for the
reduction of security incidents.
References
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/national-infrastructure-protection-plan-2013-
508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Communications sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-communications-2015-508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Information technology sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP
2013. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-information-technology-2016-
508.pdf
Gilchrist, A. (2017). IoT security issues. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST SP 800-12 An introduction to computer security:
The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Simpson, D., Jensen, V., & Rubing, A. (Eds.). (2017). The city between freedom and security: Contested
public spaces in the 21st century. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Additional information relevant to the unit’s objectives can be found in the following links. There are more
details provided in these links as it relates to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and
recommended standards published in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) websites:
www.dhs.gov and www.nist.gov respectively.
CORE CONCEPT
CPTED proposes that the proper design and effective use of the built environment may lead
to a reduction in the fear and incidence of cyberattacks, crime, and an improvement of the
quality of life (Simpson et al., 2017).
[http://www.dhs.gov/](http://www.dhs.gov/)
[http://www.nist.gov/](http://www.nist.gov/)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST Special Publication 800-12 An introduction to
information security: The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
**## DuringtheBushandObamaadministrationsandbecauseof9.docx**
During the Bush and Obama administrations and because of 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assumed lead responsibilities for many of the CIKR sectors assigning Sector-Specific Agencies (SSAs) to establish sector-specific protocols for protection. However, most of these sectors have the DHS as its SSA. Under this approach, do you think any of these could be addressed better by another agency (e.g., assigning nuclear reactors, materials, and waste to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission)? Make sure to provide an example in your response.
**## UnitV.pdf**
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Evaluate organization infrastructures for vulnerabilities.
2.1 Explain the current state of critical infrastructure protection efforts.
5. Analyze vulnerabilities of critical information and key resources (CIKR).
5.3 Identify current threats to the information technology sector.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 8: Information Technology (IT)
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
For the following resource, read Section 3-5 of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
Unit Lesson
Introduction
The country’s communications systems are complex and intricate, encompassing numerous technologies,
types of services, and diverse ownerships. According to the Communications Sector-Specific Plan (CSSP),
the communications sector “has evolved from predominantly a provider of voice services into a diverse,
competitive, and interconnected industry, using terrestrial, satellite, and wireless transmission systems“
(Department of Homeland Security [DHS], 2015, p. iv). A great majority of the nation’s communication
systems are privately owned and operated, and, as such, DHS assigned sector-specific agencies (SSAs) to
partner with state, local, and industry organizations to enhance the communications sector-specific protection.
The SSAs consigned to the communications sector are the Communications Sector Coordinating Council
(CSCC) and Communications Sector Government Coordinating Council (CGCC), both under the DHS ( DHS,
2015).
According to the CSSP, the following three joint goals were developed to guide the mission to protect the
communications sector:
1. protect and enhance the overall physical and logical health of communications;
2. rapidly reconstitute critical communications services in the event of disruption, and mitigate cascading
effects; and
3. improve the sector’s national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) posture with federal,
state, local, tribal, international, and private sector entities to reduce risk (DHS, 2015, p. iv).
Information Technology as a Critical Infrastructure
As we have seen thus far, securing critical infrastructures has become increasingly vital for DHS. In Section
1016 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, a critical infrastructure is defined as “systems and assets, whether
physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Information Technology
Protection and Security
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or
any combination of those matters” (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, 2001, p. 130).
Table 1 outlines the currently defined 18 sectors considered Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
(CIKRs). These systems, whether physical or intangible, are vital to the nation’s economy and public health
and safety. Any damage or destruction of such systems, specifically information technology (IT), will have
debilitating effects to the nation. The level of vulnerability varies from sector to sector. As an example, some
sectors such as energy, water, and federal facilities are, by nature physical, while others such as
communication, finance, and information technology have cyber elements.
Agriculture and Food Water Nuclear Reactor
Defense Industrial Base Chemical Information Technology
Energy Commercial Facilities Communications
Healthcare and Public Health Critical Manufacturing Postal & Shipping
National Monuments & Icons Dams Transportation Systems
Banking and Finance Emergency Services Government Facilities
Table 1. Eighteen critical infrastructure and key resource (CIKR) sectors
(NIPP, 2013, p. 9)
The IT sector is functions-based, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) (DHS, 2016).
The IT Sector’s six critical functions are to:
1. provide IT products and services;
2. provide incident management capabilities;
3. provide domain name resolution services;
4. provide identity management and associated trust support services;
5. provide Internet-based content, information, and communications services; and
6. provide Internet routing, access, and connection services (DHS, 2016).
“The IT Sector functions encompass the full set of processes involved in creating IT products and
services, including Research and Development (R&D), manufacturing, distribution, upgrades, and
maintenance. They also support the Sector’s ability to produce and provide high-assurance products,
services, and practices that are resilient to threats and can be rapidly recovered. Assurance is
essential to achieving the Sector’s vision and is therefore a fundamental aspect of all critical
functions. (DHS, 2016, p. 2)
These critical functions are provided by a combination of private and public entities with private operators
constituting the majority of owners and operators of information technology infrastructures. Private entities
work with the federal government and the Information Technology Coordinating Council (IT SCC) to protect
the sector’s infrastructure and assets (DHS, 2015). While the IT sector’s functions, products, and services
contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the global economy, the sector also faces global threats from
natural or manmade activities on a daily basis. Many of these threats take place frequently but do not have
major consequences as the private and public sectors are continuously taking security measures as new
threats and events develop around the globe.
Security
A key aspect of the information technology sector is security. Information security is the approach taken by
public and private sectors to protect information technology (IT) systems (as shown in Figure 1), physical
structures, and associated assets from threats present in the environment. The National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) Handbook (2017) outlines three critical areas for physical security:
1. physical structures, assets, and elements (including IT systems, storage, and communication
infrastructures);
2. the facility's general geographic area, which could be susceptible to natural threats, man-made
threats, or interception of transmissions and emanations, among others; and
3. Supporting facilities, which are those services (both technical and human) that underpin the operation
of the system.
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Gilchrist (2017) noted that information security encompasses the protection of IT assets guaranteeing the
integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information. The security of IT physical and cyber assets includes a
physical, technical, and procedural methodology. Physical controls must be implemented to ensure that IT
environments are protected. Examples include computer rooms and data centers with restricted access to
non-essential personnel to avoid accidental access to critical organizational systems. Technical security
strategies rely on security measures using technology as well as physical means. This approach relates to
computer and software techniques to prevent unauthorized access to IT systems. Examples include
password protected systems and software controls of restricted information. Last, procedural security covers
organizational rules, regulations, and policies to mitigate risks arising from the use of information systems. An
example of policies encompasses end user agreements on the utilization of company assets such as
computers and other IT devices.
Again, physical and environmental security is very important as this approach is taken for the protection of not
only IT systems but physical structures and associated infrastructure against threats related to the physical
environment. Physical and environmental safeguards can many times be overlooked but are critical in
protecting information technology elements. Structures and locations must be designed with protection in
mind to avoid damage (natural or man-made) as well as unauthorized access to information and computer
systems (See Table 2). Physical and environmental security, which is also called geographic or area security,
often provides the first line of defense of information and information systems with equipment security and
general controls to protect physical assets (Simpson et al., 2017).
Natural Threats Human Threats
1. Loss of personnel
2. Failure of IT systems
3. Lightning
4. Fire
5. Flooding
6. Storms
7. Power failures
8. Dust
1. Hacker
2. Social engineering
3. Computer criminals – Individuals who
use computers or computer networks
to commit a crime.
4. Physical damage to systems
CORE CONCEPT
Security access controls are processes wherein an organization’s IT assets are made into a
more difficult or less attractive target through physical, technical, and procedural
mechanisms.
CORE CONCEPT
Fundamental to ISO 27001 is that it considers information systems security as a continuous
improvement process and not as a product.
Figure 1. A network protected behind a firewall
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
9. Magnetic fields
Table 1 Threat examples
Summary
The information technology sector and all information systems within it are subject to negative environmental
events and unauthorized access attempts that may invalidate their use causing potentially irreparable
damage to all critical sectors including organizations, individuals, and society. Implementing a sound
organizational security strategy involves setting security standards (policies, training, and enforcement)
applying the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) approach. Simpson et al. (2017) recommended
adapting the Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) guidelines and principles for the
reduction of security incidents.
References
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/national-infrastructure-protection-plan-2013-
508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Communications sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-communications-2015-508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Information technology sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP
2013. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-information-technology-2016-
508.pdf
Gilchrist, A. (2017). IoT security issues. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST SP 800-12 An introduction to computer security:
The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Simpson, D., Jensen, V., & Rubing, A. (Eds.). (2017). The city between freedom and security: Contested
public spaces in the 21st century. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Additional information relevant to the unit’s objectives can be found in the following links. There are more
details provided in these links as it relates to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and
recommended standards published in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) websites:
www.dhs.gov and www.nist.gov respectively.
CORE CONCEPT
CPTED proposes that the proper design and effective use of the built environment may lead
to a reduction in the fear and incidence of cyberattacks, crime, and an improvement of the
quality of life (Simpson et al., 2017).
[http://www.dhs.gov/](http://www.dhs.gov/)
[http://www.nist.gov/](http://www.nist.gov/)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST Special Publication 800-12 An introduction to
information security: The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
**## DuringtheBushandObamaadministrationsandbecauseof9.docx**
During the Bush and Obama administrations and because of 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assumed lead responsibilities for many of the CIKR sectors assigning Sector-Specific Agencies (SSAs) to establish sector-specific protocols for protection. However, most of these sectors have the DHS as its SSA. Under this approach, do you think any of these could be addressed better by another agency (e.g., assigning nuclear reactors, materials, and waste to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission)? Make sure to provide an example in your response.
**## UnitV.pdf**
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Evaluate organization infrastructures for vulnerabilities.
2.1 Explain the current state of critical infrastructure protection efforts.
5. Analyze vulnerabilities of critical information and key resources (CIKR).
5.3 Identify current threats to the information technology sector.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 8: Information Technology (IT)
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
For the following resource, read Section 3-5 of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
Unit Lesson
Introduction
The country’s communications systems are complex and intricate, encompassing numerous technologies,
types of services, and diverse ownerships. According to the Communications Sector-Specific Plan (CSSP),
the communications sector “has evolved from predominantly a provider of voice services into a diverse,
competitive, and interconnected industry, using terrestrial, satellite, and wireless transmission systems“
(Department of Homeland Security [DHS], 2015, p. iv). A great majority of the nation’s communication
systems are privately owned and operated, and, as such, DHS assigned sector-specific agencies (SSAs) to
partner with state, local, and industry organizations to enhance the communications sector-specific protection.
The SSAs consigned to the communications sector are the Communications Sector Coordinating Council
(CSCC) and Communications Sector Government Coordinating Council (CGCC), both under the DHS ( DHS,
2015).
According to the CSSP, the following three joint goals were developed to guide the mission to protect the
communications sector:
1. protect and enhance the overall physical and logical health of communications;
2. rapidly reconstitute critical communications services in the event of disruption, and mitigate cascading
effects; and
3. improve the sector’s national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) posture with federal,
state, local, tribal, international, and private sector entities to reduce risk (DHS, 2015, p. iv).
Information Technology as a Critical Infrastructure
As we have seen thus far, securing critical infrastructures has become increasingly vital for DHS. In Section
1016 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, a critical infrastructure is defined as “systems and assets, whether
physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Information Technology
Protection and Security
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or
any combination of those matters” (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, 2001, p. 130).
Table 1 outlines the currently defined 18 sectors considered Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
(CIKRs). These systems, whether physical or intangible, are vital to the nation’s economy and public health
and safety. Any damage or destruction of such systems, specifically information technology (IT), will have
debilitating effects to the nation. The level of vulnerability varies from sector to sector. As an example, some
sectors such as energy, water, and federal facilities are, by nature physical, while others such as
communication, finance, and information technology have cyber elements.
Agriculture and Food Water Nuclear Reactor
Defense Industrial Base Chemical Information Technology
Energy Commercial Facilities Communications
Healthcare and Public Health Critical Manufacturing Postal & Shipping
National Monuments & Icons Dams Transportation Systems
Banking and Finance Emergency Services Government Facilities
Table 1. Eighteen critical infrastructure and key resource (CIKR) sectors
(NIPP, 2013, p. 9)
The IT sector is functions-based, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) (DHS, 2016).
The IT Sector’s six critical functions are to:
1. provide IT products and services;
2. provide incident management capabilities;
3. provide domain name resolution services;
4. provide identity management and associated trust support services;
5. provide Internet-based content, information, and communications services; and
6. provide Internet routing, access, and connection services (DHS, 2016).
“The IT Sector functions encompass the full set of processes involved in creating IT products and
services, including Research and Development (R&D), manufacturing, distribution, upgrades, and
maintenance. They also support the Sector’s ability to produce and provide high-assurance products,
services, and practices that are resilient to threats and can be rapidly recovered. Assurance is
essential to achieving the Sector’s vision and is therefore a fundamental aspect of all critical
functions. (DHS, 2016, p. 2)
These critical functions are provided by a combination of private and public entities with private operators
constituting the majority of owners and operators of information technology infrastructures. Private entities
work with the federal government and the Information Technology Coordinating Council (IT SCC) to protect
the sector’s infrastructure and assets (DHS, 2015). While the IT sector’s functions, products, and services
contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the global economy, the sector also faces global threats from
natural or manmade activities on a daily basis. Many of these threats take place frequently but do not have
major consequences as the private and public sectors are continuously taking security measures as new
threats and events develop around the globe.
Security
A key aspect of the information technology sector is security. Information security is the approach taken by
public and private sectors to protect information technology (IT) systems (as shown in Figure 1), physical
structures, and associated assets from threats present in the environment. The National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) Handbook (2017) outlines three critical areas for physical security:
1. physical structures, assets, and elements (including IT systems, storage, and communication
infrastructures);
2. the facility's general geographic area, which could be susceptible to natural threats, man-made
threats, or interception of transmissions and emanations, among others; and
3. Supporting facilities, which are those services (both technical and human) that underpin the operation
of the system.
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Gilchrist (2017) noted that information security encompasses the protection of IT assets guaranteeing the
integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information. The security of IT physical and cyber assets includes a
physical, technical, and procedural methodology. Physical controls must be implemented to ensure that IT
environments are protected. Examples include computer rooms and data centers with restricted access to
non-essential personnel to avoid accidental access to critical organizational systems. Technical security
strategies rely on security measures using technology as well as physical means. This approach relates to
computer and software techniques to prevent unauthorized access to IT systems. Examples include
password protected systems and software controls of restricted information. Last, procedural security covers
organizational rules, regulations, and policies to mitigate risks arising from the use of information systems. An
example of policies encompasses end user agreements on the utilization of company assets such as
computers and other IT devices.
Again, physical and environmental security is very important as this approach is taken for the protection of not
only IT systems but physical structures and associated infrastructure against threats related to the physical
environment. Physical and environmental safeguards can many times be overlooked but are critical in
protecting information technology elements. Structures and locations must be designed with protection in
mind to avoid damage (natural or man-made) as well as unauthorized access to information and computer
systems (See Table 2). Physical and environmental security, which is also called geographic or area security,
often provides the first line of defense of information and information systems with equipment security and
general controls to protect physical assets (Simpson et al., 2017).
Natural Threats Human Threats
1. Loss of personnel
2. Failure of IT systems
3. Lightning
4. Fire
5. Flooding
6. Storms
7. Power failures
8. Dust
1. Hacker
2. Social engineering
3. Computer criminals – Individuals who
use computers or computer networks
to commit a crime.
4. Physical damage to systems
CORE CONCEPT
Security access controls are processes wherein an organization’s IT assets are made into a
more difficult or less attractive target through physical, technical, and procedural
mechanisms.
CORE CONCEPT
Fundamental to ISO 27001 is that it considers information systems security as a continuous
improvement process and not as a product.
Figure 1. A network protected behind a firewall
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
9. Magnetic fields
Table 1 Threat examples
Summary
The information technology sector and all information systems within it are subject to negative environmental
events and unauthorized access attempts that may invalidate their use causing potentially irreparable
damage to all critical sectors including organizations, individuals, and society. Implementing a sound
organizational security strategy involves setting security standards (policies, training, and enforcement)
applying the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) approach. Simpson et al. (2017) recommended
adapting the Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) guidelines and principles for the
reduction of security incidents.
References
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/national-infrastructure-protection-plan-2013-
508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Communications sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-communications-2015-508.pdf
Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Information technology sector-specific plan: An annex to the NIPP
2013. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/nipp-ssp-information-technology-2016-
508.pdf
Gilchrist, A. (2017). IoT security issues. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST SP 800-12 An introduction to computer security:
The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Simpson, D., Jensen, V., & Rubing, A. (Eds.). (2017). The city between freedom and security: Contested
public spaces in the 21st century. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
Additional information relevant to the unit’s objectives can be found in the following links. There are more
details provided in these links as it relates to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and
recommended standards published in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) websites:
www.dhs.gov and www.nist.gov respectively.
CORE CONCEPT
CPTED proposes that the proper design and effective use of the built environment may lead
to a reduction in the fear and incidence of cyberattacks, crime, and an improvement of the
quality of life (Simpson et al., 2017).
[http://www.dhs.gov/](http://www.dhs.gov/)
[http://www.nist.gov/](http://www.nist.gov/)
CYB 4303, Critical Infrastructure Protection in Cybersecurity 5
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Department of Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013.
https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2017). NIST Special Publication 800-12 An introduction to
information security: The NIST Handbook. https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-
1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf
Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001).
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
[https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan](https://www.dhs.gov/national-infrastructure-protection-plan)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf](https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/sp/800-12/rev-1/draft/documents/sp800_12_r1_draft.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf)
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