Category: Nursing

  • [Solved] Response

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    See Attachment – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## 6abRespOUT.pdf **## 6abRespOUT.pdf** Response 6ab WHAT : REPLY to the TWO Discussion Posts FORMAT : APA with In-text Citation and Reference List REFERENCES : TWO Peer-Reviewed references minimum within last 5 years INCLUDE : Turnitin Report \* Please …

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    See Attachment

    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## 6abRespOUT.pdf

    **## 6abRespOUT.pdf**

    Response 6ab

    WHAT : REPLY to the TWO Discussion Posts

    FORMAT : APA with In-text Citation and Reference List

    REFERENCES : TWO Peer-Reviewed references minimum within last 5 years

    INCLUDE : Turnitin Report

    \* Please and THANK YOU *

    \_\_\_____________________

    AbDj

    Discussion Post Reply #1

    Primary sources of research are immediately available observations regarding a topic
    obtained from people with direct experience. This can include but not limited to a
    textbook, an article, and journals. A primary source makes available firsthand evidence
    with original data.

    An overview or comprehensive analysis of previous research is referred to as a
    literature review. A literature review has a purpose to get a better understanding of
    specific research.

    According to an article wrote by Maeda et al. (2021), “systematic review is a
    ‘methodology used systematically to search for and synthesize knowledge generated
    through empirical studies to inform policy and decision-making and to uncover hidden
    patterns or trends that exist among relevant studies’(Grant & Booth, 2009)”. This
    approach is usually used to minimized bias in summarizing research and is a form of
    secondary research.

    A meta-analysis is a “statistical approach to synthesizing the results of a number of
    studies that produce a larger sample size and thus greater power to determine the true
    magnitude of an effect” (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019, p. 171). A systematic review
    involves many studies to address a specific clinical question while avoiding bias, and
    meta-analysis is used to analyze the studies into one result.

    TaFri

    Discussion Post Reply #2

    Primary sources of research include the original data collected by the researcher or the
    feelings and interpretation of the research by participants (Schuurman & Eijkman,
    2013). However secondary sources include interpretations of research by other authors
    (Schuurman & Eijkman, 2013). Sources of primary studies include CINAHL, Embase,
    ERIC, and Medline (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023). These sources are usually
    accessible through institutions or personal subscriptions.

    Literature reviews include a defined topic and research question, they provide a
    summary of the literature emphasizing what is known in the literature and then provides
    an overview summary of the research questions (Dodgeson, 2023). The researcher
    should identify literature that can help them to answer the research question (Mathew,
    2022). They should then summarize the knowledge found in the literature and can
    further apply the review to their research (Dodgeson, 2023).

    Systematic reviews are studies that use systematic search of literature and further
    summarize primary research in away that is nonbiased (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt,
    202). Systematic reviews are seen as superior to primary sources due to the limited
    bias in systematic reviews (Mathew, 2022). The key aspects of systematic reviews
    include: ask (PICOT or research question), access (obtaining literature to answer
    research question), assimilate (find strategies that were used to synthesize primary
    research studies), appraise (includes a critical appraisal of literature studies), analyze
    (analyze descriptive and quantitative data), and apply (explain how findings can be
    applied to patients) (Mathew, 2022).

    Meta-analysis is pulling data from different individual studies (Mathew, 2022). The data
    may be presented via graphs or plots to allow the reader to easily understand the data.
    The meta-analysis includes six questions to help the reader further understand the
    data. These include: what is the comparison, what outcome is being compared, how is
    the data presented, what statistical model is used, what is the pooled effect, and what
    is the heterogeneity (Mathew, 2022).

    **## 6abRespOUT.pdf**

    Response 6ab

    WHAT : REPLY to the TWO Discussion Posts

    FORMAT : APA with In-text Citation and Reference List

    REFERENCES : TWO Peer-Reviewed references minimum within last 5 years

    INCLUDE : Turnitin Report

    \* Please and THANK YOU *

    \_\_\_____________________

    AbDj

    Discussion Post Reply #1

    Primary sources of research are immediately available observations regarding a topic
    obtained from people with direct experience. This can include but not limited to a
    textbook, an article, and journals. A primary source makes available firsthand evidence
    with original data.

    An overview or comprehensive analysis of previous research is referred to as a
    literature review. A literature review has a purpose to get a better understanding of
    specific research.

    According to an article wrote by Maeda et al. (2021), “systematic review is a
    ‘methodology used systematically to search for and synthesize knowledge generated
    through empirical studies to inform policy and decision-making and to uncover hidden
    patterns or trends that exist among relevant studies’(Grant & Booth, 2009)”. This
    approach is usually used to minimized bias in summarizing research and is a form of
    secondary research.

    A meta-analysis is a “statistical approach to synthesizing the results of a number of
    studies that produce a larger sample size and thus greater power to determine the true
    magnitude of an effect” (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019, p. 171). A systematic review
    involves many studies to address a specific clinical question while avoiding bias, and
    meta-analysis is used to analyze the studies into one result.

    TaFri

    Discussion Post Reply #2

    Primary sources of research include the original data collected by the researcher or the
    feelings and interpretation of the research by participants (Schuurman & Eijkman,
    2013). However secondary sources include interpretations of research by other authors
    (Schuurman & Eijkman, 2013). Sources of primary studies include CINAHL, Embase,
    ERIC, and Medline (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023). These sources are usually
    accessible through institutions or personal subscriptions.

    Literature reviews include a defined topic and research question, they provide a
    summary of the literature emphasizing what is known in the literature and then provides
    an overview summary of the research questions (Dodgeson, 2023). The researcher
    should identify literature that can help them to answer the research question (Mathew,
    2022). They should then summarize the knowledge found in the literature and can
    further apply the review to their research (Dodgeson, 2023).

    Systematic reviews are studies that use systematic search of literature and further
    summarize primary research in away that is nonbiased (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt,
    202). Systematic reviews are seen as superior to primary sources due to the limited
    bias in systematic reviews (Mathew, 2022). The key aspects of systematic reviews
    include: ask (PICOT or research question), access (obtaining literature to answer
    research question), assimilate (find strategies that were used to synthesize primary
    research studies), appraise (includes a critical appraisal of literature studies), analyze
    (analyze descriptive and quantitative data), and apply (explain how findings can be
    applied to patients) (Mathew, 2022).

    Meta-analysis is pulling data from different individual studies (Mathew, 2022). The data
    may be presented via graphs or plots to allow the reader to easily understand the data.
    The meta-analysis includes six questions to help the reader further understand the
    data. These include: what is the comparison, what outcome is being compared, how is
    the data presented, what statistical model is used, what is the pooled effect, and what
    is the heterogeneity (Mathew, 2022).

  • [Solved] Nursing

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  • [Solved] policy brief

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  • [Solved] hi

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  • [Solved] hi

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  • [Solved] NR week 3 Reply to Peer 2

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    Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) assess the ethics and safety of research studies involving human subjects, such as behavioral studies or clinical trials for new drugs or medical devices. Health and Human Services oversees about 2,300 U.S.-based IRBs through routine or for-cause inspections to ass…

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    Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) assess the ethics and safety of research studies involving human subjects, such as behavioral studies or clinical trials for new drugs or medical devices. Health and Human Services oversees about 2,300 U.S.-based IRBs through routine or for-cause inspections to assess if they are following federal laws when reviewing research. But few IRBs are inspected. For example, one HHS agency aims to do just 3-4 routine inspections each year. Also, HHS agencies haven't examined how many inspections are needed or if inspections could be changed to further reduce risks to human subjects (2023). More than 130 countries and international organizations have developed independent committees to approve or deny research that involves human subjects (Capili & Anastasi, 2024).

    For many researchers conducting successful research is the most rewarding thing to do. But what happens when the research does not meet the IRB standards due to being biased, the truth is that many researchers find themselves facing such issues which are easy to occur when proposing a research theory. There are many things that can impact and affect the research, one can be the limited amount of information on the chosen topic, methodology and sample size. Often waiting for the review and approval from the IRB can be challenging. Four challenges identified (1) Community partners not being recognized as research partners (2) Cultural competence, language of consent forms, and literacy level of partners; (3) IRBs apply formulaic approaches to CEnR; & (4) Extensive delays in IRB preparation and approval potentially stifle the relationships with community partners (Onakomaiya et al, 2023).

    In conclusion, getting research published and approved by the IRB is a tedious procedure. It requires understanding and knowledge of possible setbacks that can occur in the process of achieving the sought-out research. While these inefficiencies are an inevitable part of the research process, understanding common pitfalls can limit those hindrances (Shaffer & Huecker, 2025). Recommendations included (1) Training IRBs to understand CEnR principles to streamline and increase the flexibility of the IRB review process; (2) Identifying influential community stakeholders who can provide support for the study; and (3) Disseminating human subjects research training that is accessible to all community investigators to satisfy IRB concerns. The IRBs can benefit from more training in CEnR requirements and methodologies (Onakomaiya et al, 2023).

    References

    (2023, January 17). Institutional Review Boards: Actions Needed to Improve Federal Oversight and Examine Effectiveness. U.S. Government Accountability Office. [**https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-104721**](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-104721)

    Capili, B., & Anastasi, J. K. (2024). Ethical Research and the Institutional Review Board: An Introduction. The American journal of nursing, 124(3), 50–54. [**https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0001008420.28033.e8**](https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0001008420.28033.e8)

    Onakomaiya, D., Pan, J., Roberts, T., Tan, H., Nadkarni, S., Godina, M., Park, J., Fraser, M., Kwon, S. C., Schoenthaler, A., & Islam, N. (2023). Challenges and recommendations to improve institutional review boards' review of community-engaged research proposals: A scoping review. Journal of clinical and translational science, 7(1), e93 **.** [**https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.516**](https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.516)

    Shreffler J, Huecker MR. Common Pitfalls In the Research Process. [Updated 2023 Mar 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: [**https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568780/**](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568780/)

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] NR week 3 Reply to Peer 1

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    **The Need for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Their Impact on Research Studies** Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) play a vital role in the modern research landscape, particularly in healthcare settings where studies involve human participants. These ethics committees serve as essential gat…

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    **The Need for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Their Impact on Research Studies**

         Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) play a vital role in the modern research landscape, particularly in healthcare settings where studies involve human participants. These ethics committees serve as essential gatekeepers, ensuring that research maintains high ethical standards while protecting participants from potential harm. My clinical experience working alongside nurse researchers has shown me firsthand how crucial these oversight bodies are to maintaining public trust in the research enterprise. The primary function of IRBs stems from historical ethical failures in research. The infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study, where researchers withheld treatment from African American men with syphilis without their knowledge, and the horrific Nazi medical experiments during World War II demonstrated the dire consequences of unchecked research. These events led to the development of ethical frameworks like the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki, which eventually evolved into our current IRB system ‌(Barrow et al., 2022). Today, IRBs ensure that researchers obtain proper informed consent, maintain participant privacy, minimize risks, and equitably distribute research benefits.

          IRBs can significantly impact research studies in various ways. One example involves modifying participant recruitment methods. In a study by White et al. (2021), researchers examining pregnancy and birth experiences initially proposed recruiting vulnerable postpartum women through direct solicitation in hospital settings. The IRB identified potential constraint issues and required revisions to the recruitment protocol, mandating that initial contact occur through healthcare providers who had no stake in the research. This modification protected vulnerable participants from feeling pressured to participate but extended the recruitment timeline by several months. Another example of IRB impact relates to risk mitigation strategies. Stokes et al. (2017) conducted a study examining trauma-informed nursing interventions for patients with severe mental illness. The original protocol included detailed questioning about traumatic experiences without adequate psychological support mechanisms. The IRB required substantial revisions, including the addition of on-site mental health professionals during interviews, development of distress protocols, and follow-up mental health resources. While these changes enhanced participant protection, they increased study costs and necessitated additional personnel training.

         IRBs can also shape data collection procedures to protect participant privacy. In my own clinical setting, I observed a nursing quality improvement project examining medication errors that initially proposed collecting identifiable information about staff members involved in errors. The IRB required removing all staff data and implementing stronger data security measures to prevent potential professional repercussions for staff. This modification protected participants but limited some analytical opportunities regarding individual-level factors contributing to errors. The structure and function of IRBs continue to evolve alongside emerging research methodologies and technologies. Modern IRBs must navigate complex issues like genetic data privacy, social media-based recruitment, and international collaborative research (Somia Abdul Same'e & Antony Sheela Anmary, 2024). While sometimes perceived as administrative hurdles, IRBs ultimately strengthen research quality and protect both participants and researchers by ensuring ethical compliance.

    **References**

    Barrow, J. M., Khandhar, P. B., & Brannan, G. D. (2022). _Research Ethics_. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459281/

    Somia Abdul Same'e, & Antony Sheela Anmary. (2024). Navigating the Ethical Complexities. _Advances in Information Quality and Management_, 139–158. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8526-2.ch009

    Stokes, Y., Jacob, J.-D., Gifford, W., Squires, J., & Vandyk, A. (2017). Exploring nurses’ knowledge and experiences related to trauma-informed care. _Global Qualitative Nursing Research_, _4_(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393617734510

    ‌

    White, A., Grady, C., Little, M., Sullivan, K., Clark, K., Ngwu, M., & Lyerly, A. D. (2021). IRB Decision‐Making about Minimal Risk Research with Pregnant Participants. _Ethics & Human Research_, _43_(5), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/eahr.500100

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Mod 3 Assngm

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    ## Using the “Mod 3 | Part 3” section of your _Academic Success and Professional Development Plan Template_ presented in the Resources, conduct an analysis of the elements of the research article you identified. Be sure to include the following – 2 years ago

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    ## Using the “Mod 3 | Part 3” section of your _Academic Success and Professional Development Plan Template_ presented in the Resources, conduct an analysis of the elements of the research article you identified. Be sure to include the following

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Literature Search Review

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    Please see attached for instructions – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## LiteratureSearchReview.docx **## LiteratureSearchReview.docx** Literature Search Review Submission Type: 6-to-8-page paper Details: This Literature Search Review should be 6-8 pages (not including the title or references pages) **…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Please see attached for instructions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## LiteratureSearchReview.docx

    **## LiteratureSearchReview.docx**

    Literature Search Review

    Submission Type: 6-to-8-page paper

    Details: This Literature Search Review should be 6-8 pages (not including the title or references pages)

    **Part 1**

    Review the systematic search strategies and examples in Chapter 3 before completing this assignment.

    **Part 2**

    Choose one PICOT question from the Week 2 Assignment. Complete the tasks below to address this question with the following components:

    ·
    _Title Page:_ Use APA style

    ·
    _Introduction:_ Summarize the primary intent of your paper

    · Key Words: Identify five to seven keywords from your PICOT Question.

    ·
    _Databases:_ Determine at least three appropriate databases you plan to search and explain why they are applicable.

    ·
    _Synonyms:_ Identify at least two synonyms for each PICOT component.

    ·
    _Screen Shots:_ Conduct your search using the identified keywords and synonyms from identified databases. Include screenshots of the process.

    ·
    _Subject Headings:_ Identify at least two subject headings for each PICOT component from the initial hits in databases.

    ·
    _Total Yield per Database:_ The total yield for each combined keyword, synonym, and subject heading across all PICOT terms combined using the Boolean connector AND and OR.

    ·
    _Limiters:_ Define and apply at least three appropriate limiters (e.g., age, language, human, etc.). I

    ·
    _Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:_ Define and apply your inclusion/exclusion criteria to further narrow results. Final Yield: Identify the final yield for all the PICOT terms across all databases.

    ·
    _Final Yield:_ Identify the final yield for all the PICOT terms across all databases.

    ·
    _Document:_ Using APA format, organize and list ten or more studies (at least 10) related to this question.

    **## LiteratureSearchReview.docx**

    Literature Search Review

    Submission Type: 6-to-8-page paper

    Details: This Literature Search Review should be 6-8 pages (not including the title or references pages)

    **Part 1**

    Review the systematic search strategies and examples in Chapter 3 before completing this assignment.

    **Part 2**

    Choose one PICOT question from the Week 2 Assignment. Complete the tasks below to address this question with the following components:

    ·
    _Title Page:_ Use APA style

    ·
    _Introduction:_ Summarize the primary intent of your paper

    · Key Words: Identify five to seven keywords from your PICOT Question.

    ·
    _Databases:_ Determine at least three appropriate databases you plan to search and explain why they are applicable.

    ·
    _Synonyms:_ Identify at least two synonyms for each PICOT component.

    ·
    _Screen Shots:_ Conduct your search using the identified keywords and synonyms from identified databases. Include screenshots of the process.

    ·
    _Subject Headings:_ Identify at least two subject headings for each PICOT component from the initial hits in databases.

    ·
    _Total Yield per Database:_ The total yield for each combined keyword, synonym, and subject heading across all PICOT terms combined using the Boolean connector AND and OR.

    ·
    _Limiters:_ Define and apply at least three appropriate limiters (e.g., age, language, human, etc.). I

    ·
    _Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:_ Define and apply your inclusion/exclusion criteria to further narrow results. Final Yield: Identify the final yield for all the PICOT terms across all databases.

    ·
    _Final Yield:_ Identify the final yield for all the PICOT terms across all databases.

    ·
    _Document:_ Using APA format, organize and list ten or more studies (at least 10) related to this question.

  • [Solved] identify an area of focus in community health within your community.

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    In-depth study guidance and analytical solution covering identify an area of focus in community health within your community..

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